-
2a218737
by ARATA Mizuki at 2026-03-23T11:11:39-04:00
Add 128-bit SIMD support to AArch64 NCG
Changes:
- Add `Format` field to vector-capable instructions.
These instructions will emit `vN.4s` (for example) as a operand.
- Additional constructors for `Operand`:
`OpVecLane` represents a vector lane and will be emitted as `vN.<width>[<index>]` (`vN.s[3]` for example).
`OpScalarAsVec` represents a scalar, but printed as a vector lane like `vN.<width>[0]` (`vN.s[0]` for example).
- Integer quot/rem are implemented in C, like x86.
Closes #26536
Metric Increase:
T3294
-
5d6e2be9
by ARATA Mizuki at 2026-03-23T11:11:39-04:00
AArch64 NCG: Improve code generation for floating-point and vector constants
Some floating-point constants can be directly encoded using the FMOV instruction.
Similarly, a class of vectors with same values can be encoded using FMOV, MOVI, or MVNI.
-
c6d262aa
by Simon Jakobi at 2026-03-23T11:12:22-04:00
Add regression test for #13729
Closes #13729.
-
aa5dfe67
by Sylvain Henry at 2026-03-26T03:48:56-04:00
Check that shift values are valid
In GHC's codebase in non-DEBUG builds we silently substitute shiftL/R
with unsafeShiftL/R for performance reasons. However we were not
checking that the shift value was valid for unsafeShiftL/R, leading to
wrong computations, but only in non-DEBUG builds.
This patch adds the necessary checks and reports an error when a wrong
shift value is passed.
-
c8a7b588
by Sylvain Henry at 2026-03-26T03:48:56-04:00
Implement basic value range analysis (#25718)
Perform basic value range analysis to try to determine at compile time
the result of the application of some comparison primops (ltWord#, etc.).
This subsumes the built-in rewrite rules used previously to check if one
of the comparison argument was a bound (e.g. (x :: Word8) <= 255 is
always True). Our analysis is more powerful and handles type
conversions: e.g. word8ToWord x <= 255 is now detected as always True too.
We also use value range analysis to filter unreachable alternatives in
case-expressions. To support this, we had to allow case-expressions for
primitive types to not have a DEFAULT alternative (as was assumed before
and checked in Core lint).
-
a5ec467e
by ARATA Mizuki at 2026-03-26T03:49:49-04:00
rts: Align stack to 64-byte boundary in StgRun on x86
When LLVM spills AVX/AVX-512 vector registers to the stack, it requires
32-byte (__m256) or 64-byte (__m512) alignment. If the stack is not
sufficiently aligned, LLVM inserts a realignment prologue that reserves
%rbp as a frame pointer, conflicting with GHC's use of %rbp as an STG
callee-saved register and breaking the tail-call-based calling convention.
Previously, GHC worked around this by lying to LLVM about the stack
alignment and rewriting aligned vector loads/stores (VMOVDQA, VMOVAPS)
to unaligned ones (VMOVDQU, VMOVUPS) in the LLVM Mangler. This had two
problems:
- It did not extend to AVX-512, which requires 64-byte alignment. (#26595)
- When Haskell calls a C function that takes __m256/__m512 arguments on
the stack, the callee requires genuine alignment, which could cause a
segfault. (#26822)
This patch genuinely aligns the stack to 64 bytes in StgRun by saving
the original stack pointer before alignment and restoring it in
StgReturn. We now unconditionally advertise 64-byte stack alignment to
LLVM for all x86 targets, making rewriteAVX in the LLVM Mangler
unnecessary. STG_RUN_STACK_FRAME_SIZE is increased from 48 to 56 bytes
on non-Windows x86-64 to store the saved stack pointer.
Closes #26595 and #26822
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
-
661da815
by Teo Camarasu at 2026-03-26T03:50:33-04:00
ghc-internal: Float Generics to near top of module graph
We remove GHC.Internal.Generics from the critical path of the
`ghc-internal` module graph. GHC.Internal.Generics used to be in the
middle of the module graph, but now it is nearer the top (built later).
This change thins out the module graph and allows us to get rid of the
ByteOrder hs-boot file.
We implement this by moving Generics instances from the module where the
datatype is defined to the GHC.Internal.Generics module. This trades off
increasing the compiled size of GHC.Internal.Generics with reducing the
dependency footprint of datatype modules.
Not all instances are moved to GHC.Internal.Generics. For instance,
`GHC.Internal.Control.Monad.Fix` keeps its instance as it is one of the
very last modules compiled in `ghc-internal` and so inverting the
relationship here would risk adding GHC.Internal.Generics back onto the
critical path.
We also don't change modules that are re-exported from the `template-haskell` or `ghc-heap`.
This is done to make it easy to eventually move `Generics` to `base`
once something like #26657 is implemented.
Resolves #26930
Metric Decrease:
T21839c
-
45428f88
by sheaf at 2026-03-26T03:51:31-04:00
Avoid infinite loop in deep subsumption
This commit ensures we only unify after we recur in the deep subsumption
code in the FunTy vs non-FunTy case of GHC.Tc.Utils.Unify.tc_sub_type_deep,
to avoid falling into an infinite loop.
See the new Wrinkle [Avoiding a loop in tc_sub_type_deep] in
Note [FunTy vs non-FunTy case in tc_sub_type_deep] in GHC.Tc.Utils.Unify.
Fixes #26823
Co-authored-by: simonpj <simon.peytonjones@gmail.com>
-
2823b039
by Ian Duncan at 2026-03-26T03:52:21-04:00
AArch64: fix MOVK regUsageOfInstr to mark dst as both read and written
MOVK (move with keep) modifies only a 16-bit slice of the destination
register, so the destination is both read and written. The register
allocator must know this to avoid clobbering live values. Update
regUsageOfInstr to list the destination in both src and dst sets.
No regression test: triggering the misallocation requires specific
register pressure around a MOVK sequence, which is difficult to
reliably provoke from Haskell source.
-
57b7878d
by Simon Jakobi at 2026-03-26T03:53:07-04:00
Add regression test for #12002
Closes #12002.
-
c8f9df2d
by Simon Jakobi at 2026-03-26T03:53:07-04:00
Add regression test for #12046
Closes #12046.
Co-authored-by: Andreas Klebinger <klebinger.andreas@gmx.at>
-
615d72ac
by Simon Jakobi at 2026-03-26T03:53:07-04:00
Add regression test for #13180
Closes #13180.
-
423eebcf
by Simon Jakobi at 2026-03-26T03:53:07-04:00
Add regression test for #11141
Closes #11141.
-
286849a4
by Simon Jakobi at 2026-03-26T03:53:07-04:00
Add regression test for #11505
Closes #11505.
-
7db149d9
by Simon Jakobi at 2026-03-26T03:53:07-04:00
Add regression perf test for #13820
Closes #13820.
-
e73c4adb
by Simon Jakobi at 2026-03-26T03:53:07-04:00
Add regression test for #10381
Closes #10381.
-
5ebcfb57
by Benjamin Maurer at 2026-03-26T03:54:02-04:00
Generate assembly on x86 for word2float (#22252)
We used to emit C function call for MO_UF_Conv primitive.
Now emits direct assembly instead.
Co-Authored-By: Sylvain Henry <sylvain@haskus.fr>
Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
-
5b550754
by Matthew Pickering at 2026-03-26T03:54:51-04:00
rts: forward clone-stack messages after TSO migration
MSG_CLONE_STACK assumed that the target TSO was still owned by the
capability that received the message. This is not always true: the TSO
can migrate before the inbox entry is handled.
When that happened, handleCloneStackMessage could clone a live stack from
the wrong capability and use the wrong capability for allocation and
performTryPutMVar, leading to stack sanity failures such as
checkStackFrame: weird activation record found on stack.
Fix this by passing the current capability into
handleCloneStackMessage, rechecking msg->tso->cap at handling time, and
forwarding the message if the TSO has migrated. Once ownership matches,
use the executing capability consistently for cloneStack, rts_apply, and
performTryPutMVar.
Fixes #27008
-
ef0a1bd2
by mangoiv at 2026-03-26T03:55:34-04:00
release tracking: adopt release tracking ticket from #16816
-
a7f40fd9
by mangoiv at 2026-03-26T03:55:34-04:00
release tracking: add a release tracking ticket
Brings the information in the release tracking ticket up to date with
https://gitlab.haskell.org/ghc/ghc-hq/-/blob/main/release-management.mkd
Resolves #26691
-
161d3285
by Teo Camarasu at 2026-03-26T03:56:18-04:00
Revert "Set default eventlog-flush-interval to 5s"
Flushing the eventlog forces a synchronisation of all the capabilities
and there was a worry that this might lead to a performance cost for
some highly parallel workloads.
This reverts commit 66b96e2a591d8e3d60e74af3671344dfe4061cf2.
-
36eed985
by Cheng Shao at 2026-03-26T03:57:03-04:00
ghc-boot: move GHC.Data.SmallArray to ghc-boot
This commit moves `GHC.Data.SmallArray` from the `ghc` library to
`ghc-boot`, so that it can be used by `ghci` as well:
- The `Binary` (from `ghc`) instance of `SmallArray` is moved to
`GHC.Utils.Binary`
- Util functions `replicateSmallArrayIO`, `mapSmallArrayIO`,
`mapSmallArrayM_`, `imapSmallArrayM_` , `smallArrayFromList` and
`smallArrayToList` are added
- The `Show` instance is added
- The `Binary` (from `binary`) instance is added
-
fdf828ae
by Cheng Shao at 2026-03-26T03:57:03-04:00
compiler: use `Binary` instance of `BCOByteArray` for bytecode objects
This commit defines `Binary` (from `compiler`) instance of
`BCOByteArray` which serializes the underlying buffer directly, and
uses it directly in bytecode object serialization. Previously we reuse
the `Binary` (from `binary`) instance, and this change allows us to
avoid double-copying via an intermediate `ByteString` when using
`put`/`get` in `binnary`. Also see added comment for explanation.
-
3bf62d0a
by Cheng Shao at 2026-03-26T03:57:03-04:00
ghci: use SmallArray directly in ResolvedBCO
This patch makes ghci use `SmallArray` directly in `ResolvedBCO` when
applicable, making the memory representation more compact and reducing
marshaling overhead. Closes #27058.
-
3d6492ce
by Wen Kokke at 2026-03-26T03:57:53-04:00
Fix race condition between flushEventLog and start/endEventLogging.
This commit changes `flushEventLog` to acquire/release the `state_change` mutex to prevent interleaving with `startEventLogging` and `endEventLogging`. In the current RTS, `flushEventLog` _does not_ acquire this mutex, which may lead to eventlog corruption on the following interleaving:
- `startEventLogging` writes the new `EventLogWriter` to `event_log_writer`.
- `flushEventLog` flushes some events to `event_log_writer`.
- `startEventLogging` writes the eventlog header to `event_log_writer`.
This causes the eventlog to be written out in an unreadable state, with one or more events preceding the eventlog header.
This commit renames the old function to `flushEventLog_` and defines `flushEventLog` simply as:
```c
void flushEventLog(Capability **cap USED_IF_THREADS)
{
ACQUIRE_LOCK(&state_change_mutex);
flushEventLog_(cap);
RELEASE_LOCK(&state_change_mutex);
}
```
The old function is still needed internally within the compilation unit, where it is used in `endEventLogging` in a context where the `state_change` mutex has already been acquired. I've chosen to mark `flushEventLog_` as static and let other uses of `flushEventLog` within the RTS refer to the new version. There is one use in `hs_init_ghc` via `flushTrace`, where the new locking behaviour should be harmless, and one use in `handle_tick`, which I believe was likely vulnerable to the same race condition, so the new locking behaviour is desirable.
I have not added a test. The behaviour is highly non-deterministic and requires a program that concurrently calls `flushEventLog` and `startEventLogging`/`endEventLogging`. I encountered the issue while developing `eventlog-socket` and within that context have verified that my patch likely addresses the issue: a test that used to fail within the first dozen or so runs now has been running on repeat for several hours.
-
7b9a75f0
by Phil Hazelden at 2026-03-26T03:58:37-04:00
Fix build with werror on glibc 2.43.
We've been defining `_XOPEN_SOURCE` and `_POSIX_C_SOURCE` to the same
values as defined in glibc prior to 2.43. But in 2.43, glibc changes
them to new values, which means we get a warning when redefining them.
By `#undef`ing them first, we no longer get a warning.
Closes #27076.
-
fe6e76c5
by Tobias Haslop at 2026-03-26T03:59:30-04:00
Fix broken Haddock link to Bifunctor class in description of Functor class
-
404b71c1
by Luite Stegeman at 2026-03-27T04:40:49-04:00
Fix assert in Interpreter.c
If we skip exactly the number of words on the stack we end up on
the first word in the next chunk.
-
a85bd503
by Luite Stegeman at 2026-03-27T04:40:49-04:00
Support arbitrary size unboxed tuples in bytecode
This stores the size (number of words on the stack) of the next
expected tuple in the TSO, ctoi_spill_size field, eliminating
the need of stg_ctoi_tN frames for each size.
Note: On 32 bit platform there is still a bytecode tuple size
limit of 255 words on the stack.
Fixes #26946
-
e2209031
by Luite Stegeman at 2026-03-27T04:40:49-04:00
Add specialized frames for small tuples
Small tuples are now returned more efficiently to the interpreter.
They use one less word of stack space and don't need manipulation
of the TSO anymore.
-
b26bb2ea
by VeryMilkyJoe at 2026-03-27T04:41:38-04:00
Remove backwards compatibility pattern synonym `ModLocation`
Fixes #24932
-
66e5e324
by Vladislav Zavialov at 2026-03-27T04:42:25-04:00
Extend HsExpr with the StarIsType syntax (#26587, #26967)
This patch allows kinds of the form `k -> *` and `* -> k` to occur in
expression syntax, i.e. to be used as required type arguments.
For example:
{-# LANGUAGE RequiredTypeArguments, StarIsType #-}
x1 = f (* -> * -> *)
x2 = f (forall k. k -> *)
x3 = f ((* -> *) -> Constraint)
Summary of the changes:
* Introduce the HsStar constructor of HsExpr and its extension field XStar.
It is analogous to HsStarTy in HsType.
* Refactor HsStarTy to store the unicode flag as TokStar, defined as
type TokStar = EpUniToken "*" "★" -- similar to TokForall, TokRArrow, etc.
The token is stored in the extension field and replaces the Bool field.
* Extend the `infixexp2` nonterminal to parse `*` as a direct argument of `->`.
This is more limited than the full StarIsType syntax, but has the nice
property of not conflicting with the multiplication operator `a * b`.
Test case: T26967 T26967_tyop
-
f8de456f
by Sylvain Henry at 2026-03-27T04:43:22-04:00
STM: don't create a transaction in the rhs of catchRetry# (#26028)
We don't need to create a transaction for the rhs of (catchRetry#)
because contrary to the lhs we don't need to abort it on retry. Moreover
it is particularly harmful if we have code such as (#26028):
let cN = readTVar vN >> retry
tree = c1 `orElse` (c2 `orElse` (c3 `orElse` ...))
atomically tree
Because it will stack transactions for the rhss and the read-sets of all
the transactions will be iteratively merged in O(n^2) after the
execution of the most nested retry.
This is the second attempt at implementing this. The first attempt
triggered segfaults (#26291) and has been reverted.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
-
fcf092dd
by Luite Stegeman at 2026-03-27T04:44:17-04:00
Windows: remove StgAsyncIOResult and fix crash/leaks
In stg_block_async{_void}, a stack slot was reserved for
an StgAsyncIOResult. This slot would be filled by the IO
manager upon completion of the async call.
However, if the blocked thread was interrupted by an async
exception, we would end up in an invalid state:
- If the blocked computation was never re-entered, the
StgAsyncIOResult would never be freed.
- If the blocked computation was re-entered, the thread would
find an unitialized stack slot for the StgAsyncIOResult,
leading to a crash reading its fields, or freeing the pointer.
We fix this by removing the StgAsyncIOResult altogether and writing
the result directly to the stack.
Fixes #26341
-
05094993
by Luite Stegeman at 2026-03-27T04:45:12-04:00
Don't refine DEFAULT alt for unary typeclasses
A non-DEFAULT data alt for a unary typeclass dictionary would
interfere with Unary Class Magic, leading to segfaults.
fixes #27071
-
4ee260cf
by sheaf at 2026-03-27T04:46:06-04:00
Fix several oversights in hsExprType
This commit fixes several oversights in GHC.Hs.Syn.Type.hsExprType:
- The 'RecordCon' case was returning the type of the constructor,
instead of the constructor application. This is fixed by using
'splitFunTys'.
- The 'ExplicitTuple' case failed to take into account tuple sections,
and was also incorrectly handling 1-tuples (e.g. 'Solo') which can
be constructed using Template Haskell.
- The 'NegApp' case was returning the type of the negation operator,
again failing to apply it to the argument. Fixed by using
'funResultTy'.
- The 'HsProc' case was computing the result type of the arrow proc
block, without taking into account the argument type. Fix that by
adding a new field to 'CmdTopTc' that stores the arrow type, so that
we can construct the correct result type `arr a b` for
`proc (pat :: a) -> (cmd :: b)`.
- The 'ArithSeq' and 'NegApp' cases were failing to take into account
the result 'HsWrapper', which could e.g. silently drop casts.
This is fixed by introducing 'syntaxExpr_wrappedFunResTy' which, on
top of taking the result type, applies the result 'HsWrapper'.
These fixes are validated by the new GHC API test T26910.
Fixes #26910
-
e97232ce
by Hai at 2026-03-27T04:47:04-04:00
Parser.y: avoid looking at token with QualifiedDo
This changes the behavior of 'hintQualifiedDo' so that the supplied
token is not inspected when the QualifiedDo language extension bit is
set.
-
9831385b
by Vladislav Zavialov at 2026-03-27T17:22:30-04:00
Infix holes in types (#11107)
This patch introduces several improvements that follow naturally from
refactoring HsOpTy to represent the operator as an HsType, aligning it
with the approach taken by OpApp and HsExpr.
User-facing changes:
1. Infix holes (t1 `_` t2) are now permitted in types, following the
precedent set by term-level expressions.
Test case: T11107
2. Error messages for illegal promotion ticks are now reported at more
precise source locations.
Test case: T17865
Internal changes:
* The definition of HsOpTy now mirrors that of OpApp:
| HsOpTy (XOpTy p) (LHsType p) (LHsType p) (LHsType p)
| OpApp (XOpApp p) (LHsExpr p) (LHsExpr p) (LHsExpr p)
This moves us one step closer to unifying HsType and HsExpr.
* Ignoring locations,
the old pattern match (HsOpTy x prom lhs op rhs)
is now written as (HsOpTy x lhs (HsTyVar x' prom op) rhs)
but we also handle (HsOpTy x lhs (HsWildCardTy x') rhs)
Constructors other than HsTyVar and HsWildCardTy never appear
in the operator position.
* The various definitions across the compiler have been updated to work
with the new representation, drawing inspiration from the term-level
pipeline where appropriate. For example,
ppr_infix_ty <=> ppr_infix_expr
get_tyop <=> get_op
lookupTypeFixityRn <=> lookupExprFixityRn
(the latter is factored out from rnExpr)
Test cases: T11107 T17865
-
5b6757d7
by mangoiv at 2026-03-27T17:23:19-04:00
ci: build i386 non-validate for deb12
This is a small fix that will unlock ghcup metadata to run, i386 debian
12 was missing as a job.
-
3519a2aa
by Apoorv Ingle at 2026-03-28T00:19:34-05:00
Work for #25001
Notes added [Error Context Stack] [Typechecking by expansion: overview]
Notes updated Note [Expanding HsDo with XXExprGhcRn]
-------------------------
Metric Decrease:
T9020
-------------------------
* Streamlines implementations of `tcExpr` and `tcXExpr` to work on `XExpr`
* Kills `VACtxt` (and its associated `VAExpansion` and `VACall`) datatype, it is subsumed by simply a `SrcSpan`.
* Kills the function `addHeadCtxt` as it is now mearly setting a location
* The function `tcValArgs` does its own argument number management
* Makes `splitHsApps` not look through `XExpr`
* `tcExprSigma` is called if the head of the expression after calling `splitHsApps` turns out to be an `XExpr`
* Removes location information from `OrigPat` payload
* Removes special case of tcBody from `tcLambdaMatches`
* Removes special case of `dsExpr` for `ExpandedThingTc`
* Rename `HsThingRn` to `SrcCodeCtxt`
* Kills `tcl_in_gen_code` and `tcl_err_ctxt`. It is subsumed by `ErrCtxtStack`
* Kills `ExpectedFunTyOrig`. It is subsumed by `CtOrigin`
* Fixes `CtOrigin` for `HsProjection` case in `exprCtOrigin`. It was previously assigned to be `SectionOrigin`. It is now just the expression
* Adds a new `CtOrigin.ExpansionOrigin` for storing the original syntax
* Adds a new `CtOrigin.ExpectedTySyntax` as a replacement for `ExpectedTySyntaxOp`. Cannot kill the former yet because of `ApplicativeDo`
* Renames `tcMonoExpr` -> `tcMonoLExpr`, `tcMonoExprNC` -> `tcMonoLExpr`
* Renames `EValArg`, `EValArgQL` fields: `ea_ctxt` -> `ea_loc_span` and `eaql_ctx` -> `eaql_loc_span`
* kill `PopErrCtxt` from `XXExprGhcRn`
* simplify `addArgCtxt` and push `setSrcSpan` inside `addLExprCtxt`. Make sure addExprCtxt is not called by itself
* fun_orig in tcApp depends on the SrcSpan of the head of the application chain (similar to addArgCtxt)
* rename fun_ctxt to fun_lspan, fun_orig passed in tcInstFun to default to app chain head if its user located, fall back to srcCodeOrigin if it's a generated location
* fix quickLookArg function to blame the correct application chain head. The arguments application chain head should be blamed, not the original head when we quick look arg
* Make sure only expression wrapped around generated src span are ignored while adding them to the error context stack
* `getDeepSubsumptionFlag_DataConHead` performs a non-trivial traversal if the expression passed to it is complex.
This traversal is necessary if the head of the function is an `XExpr` and `splitHsApps` does not look through them
- The deepsubsumption flag is stored in EVAlArgQL to reduce the need to call `getDeepSubsumptionFlag_DataConHead`
- `getDeepSubsumptionFlag_DataConHead` is called in `tcExprSigma` and `tcInferAppHead` to reduce AST traversals
* Make a new variant `GeneratedSrcSpan` in `SrcSpan` for HIEAst Nodes
* wrap `fromListN` with a generated src span with GeneratedSrcSpanDetails field to store the original srcspan
* remove `UnhelpfulGenerated` from `UnhelpfulSpanReason` and into new datatype `GeneratedSrcSpanDetails`
* trying to remove SrcCodeOrigin by merging it with ErrCtxtMsg
* ErrCtxtMsg is now HsCtxt
* Landmarks are now just computed on the fly
* killed off CodeSrcFlag
-
f0ea55da
by Apoorv Ingle at 2026-03-28T00:19:53-05:00
make HsExpandedRn and HsExpandedTc payload LExpr,
add tcExpand for expanding Do expressions before typechecking in tcExpr
-
af2b60ad
by Apoorv Ingle at 2026-03-28T00:19:53-05:00
* make HsExpandedRn and HsExpandedTc payload LExpr, HsExpand to mediate between expansion and typechecking
* add tcHsExpand type checking expanded Expressions
* remove setInGeneratedCode
-
56ab29d0
by Apoorv Ingle at 2026-03-28T00:19:53-05:00
remove srcCodeOrigin references, add some WIP flag
-
a0aa2eff
by Apoorv Ingle at 2026-03-28T00:19:53-05:00
accept callstack001 testcase
-
aa156aec
by Apoorv Ingle at 2026-03-28T00:19:54-05:00
update Note to include HsExpansion
-
034b1fd0
by Simon Peyton Jones at 2026-03-28T00:19:54-05:00
Tidying up from Simon
-
0ba604b0
by Simon Peyton Jones at 2026-03-28T00:19:54-05:00
More from Simon
-
e92a8b8b
by Apoorv Ingle at 2026-03-28T00:19:54-05:00
remove unused function
-
f11627b3
by Apoorv Ingle at 2026-03-28T00:19:54-05:00
account for rebase changes
-
53c0213d
by Apoorv Ingle at 2026-03-28T00:19:54-05:00
do not cache ds_flag
-
421f879b
by Apoorv Ingle at 2026-03-28T01:09:00-05:00
some comments and review changes
-
773862a5
by Apoorv Ingle at 2026-03-28T01:30:43-05:00
do not recurse in ExpandedThingTc HsApp etc in getDeepSubsumptionFlag