Is there any way to express that `pass` must be valid for each value of `Pass` in the following instance head?
No, there isn't. And for good reason: whatever you're trying to do likely requires some runtime decision-making, and that's impossible with just type-level information. (Even without that motivation, there's this: any way of doing this would likely break type soundness. See #7259 and #14420.)
My recommendation is to have
> class ValidPass p
> instance ValidPass Parsed
> instance ValidPass Renamed
> instance ValidPass Typechecked
My guess is that you'll need to add a method to ValidPass, anyway.
Richard