Given that the haddock.exe executable itself is crashing, it seems highly unlikely to be a bug in either Stack or Cabal. I can think of three possibilities here:
* There's a bug in Haddock itself, such as an FFI call or some embedded C code
* There's a bug in GHC which is generating invalid code
* The GHC bindist itself has included a corrupted haddock.exe
I agree with Vanessa: trying to reproduce this with another build tool (`cabal haddock` or `cabal new-haddock`) would be a good next step, followed by a bug report against (most likely) GHC.