August 2018 - Beginners

Empty list and null
by trent shipley 18 Aug '18

18 Aug '18

Why does Haskell so often seem to treat [] as a general null. For example I know 0 : 1 : [] gives [0, 1]. But shouldn't it produce a type fault in a consistent world? Int:Int:List isn't properly a list. It mixes types. I expect something like: Let GSN mean general_scalar_null. 1 : 2 : GSN -- works 1 : 2 : [] -- type fault, cannot mix int and empty list in the same list. And why does [] == [] : [] instead of [[], []] == [] : [] What sorts of nullity are there in core Haskell? Trent.

4 4

Bound library questions
by Anthony Lee 17 Aug '18

17 Aug '18

In Scope.hs there are some functions I feel difficult to understand, Why fmap/foldmap/traverse is applied three times? instance Functor f => Functor (Scope b f) where fmap f (Scope a) = Scope (fmap (fmap (fmap f)) a) {-# INLINE fmap #-} -- | @'toList'@ is provides a list (with duplicates) of the free variables instance Foldable f => Foldable (Scope b f) where foldMap f (Scope a) = foldMap (foldMap (foldMap f)) a {-# INLINE foldMap #-} instance Traversable f => Traversable (Scope b f) where traverse f (Scope a) = Scope <$> traverse (traverse (traverse f)) a {-# INLINE traverse #-}

2 1

Re: [Haskell-beginners] Beginners Digest, Vol 122, Issue 6
by Anthony Lee 17 Aug '18

17 Aug '18

The source code is here: https://github.com/ekmett/bound/ On Fri, Aug 17, 2018 at 8:41 AM <beginners-request(a)haskell.org> wrote: > Send Beginners mailing list submissions to > beginners(a)haskell.org > > To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit > http://mail.haskell.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/beginners > or, via email, send a message with subject or body 'help' to > beginners-request(a)haskell.org > > You can reach the person managing the list at > beginners-owner(a)haskell.org > > When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific > than "Re: Contents of Beginners digest..." > > > Today's Topics: > > 1. Bound library questions (Anthony Lee) > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > > Message: 1 > Date: Fri, 17 Aug 2018 06:46:52 -0400 > From: Anthony Lee <anthonynlee(a)gmail.com> > To: beginners(a)haskell.org > Subject: [Haskell-beginners] Bound library questions > Message-ID: > <CA+pBo5HVraf_8jbs15bR6QAy1S7=z_u-3KBwT= > c3sqkAgc0m5Q(a)mail.gmail.com> > Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" > > In Scope.hs there are some functions I feel difficult to understand, > Why fmap/foldmap/traverse is applied three times? > > instance Functor f => Functor (Scope b f) where > fmap f (Scope a) = Scope (fmap (fmap (fmap f)) a) > {-# INLINE fmap #-} > > -- | @'toList'@ is provides a list (with duplicates) of the free variables > instance Foldable f => Foldable (Scope b f) where > foldMap f (Scope a) = foldMap (foldMap (foldMap f)) a > {-# INLINE foldMap #-} > > instance Traversable f => Traversable (Scope b f) where > traverse f (Scope a) = Scope <$> traverse (traverse (traverse f)) a > {-# INLINE traverse #-} >

1 0

Exercise 7.2a
by trent shipley 15 Aug '18

15 Aug '18

I am trying to solve Hutton 2016 exercise 7.2a. My attempt gets the same error message as the one below. The problem with the error message below is that it is for the book's solved example, so I have no idea how to make it work. I suspect I have GHCi configured wrong, or an old version that is buggy on Mac, or such. Help is appreciated. Also, at this point I am having trouble reading these function declarations. all :: (a -> Bool) -> [Bool] -> Bool all b ls = and (map b ls) My try: all :: -- name of function defined (a -> -- maps to "all" Bool -- maps to boolean function b ) -> [Bool] -- maps to input ls -> Bool -- maps to return type of "all" all b ls = and (map b ls) OR (right?) all :: -- name of function defined (a -> Bool) function of type a returns bool -> [Bool] -- maps to input ls -> Bool -- maps to return type of "all" all b ls = and (map b ls) ------ Book example all :: (a -- maps to "all" -> Bool -- input function type ) -> [Bool] -- implied list of things mapped over -> Bool -- returned all p = and . map p OR (right?) all :: -- name of defined function (a -> Bool) -- input function of type a returns type Bool -> [Bool] -- implied list to work on -> Bool -- return type all p = and . map p ============================ -- CODE {-- 2. Without looking at the definitions from the standard prelude, define the following higher-order library functions on lists. a.Decide if all elements of a list satisfy a predicate: all :: (a -> Bool) -> [Bool] -> Bool b.Decide if any element of a list satisfies a predicate: any :: (a -> Bool) -> [Bool] -> Bool c.Select elements from a list while they satisfy a predicate: takeWhile :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] d.Remove elements from a list while they satisfy a predicate: dropWhile :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] Note: in the prelude the first two of these functions are generic functions rather than being specific to the type of lists. Hutton, Graham. Programming in Haskell (Kindle Locations 2806-2819). Cambridge University Press. Kindle Edition. --} import Prelude hiding (all) {-- My attempt. Presumably bad. -- I swear GHCi was happy with it yesterday. all :: (a -> Bool) -> [Bool] -> Bool all b ls = and (map b ls) --} -- from book all :: (a -> Bool) -> [Bool] -> Bool all p = and . map p {-- >From GHCi on Mac Prelude> :r [1 of 1] Compiling Main ( ex7_2a.hs, interpreted ) ex7_2a.hs:30:9: error: • Couldn't match type ‘a’ with ‘Bool’ ‘a’ is a rigid type variable bound by the type signature for: all :: forall a. (a -> Bool) -> [Bool] -> Bool at ex7_2a.hs:29:1-36 Expected type: [Bool] -> Bool Actual type: [a] -> Bool • In the expression: and . map p In an equation for ‘all’: all p = and . map p • Relevant bindings include p :: a -> Bool (bound at ex7_2a.hs:30:5) all :: (a -> Bool) -> [Bool] -> Bool (bound at ex7_2a.hs:30:1) | 30 | all p = and . map p | ^^^^^^^^^^^ Failed, no modules loaded. --}

3 3

How to write the FromJSON instance for CUid
by PICCA Frederic-Emmanuel 10 Aug '18

10 Aug '18

Hello, I try to write the instance for the CUid[1] type But I do not know what to do. instance FromJSON CUid where parseJSON = ... {-# INLINE parseJSON #-} Thansk for your help [1] https://hackage.haskell.org/package/base-4.11.1.0/docs/System-Posix-Types.h…

2 9

Re: [Haskell-beginners] understanding function signature alignement
by simkestuff＠gmail.com 10 Aug '18

10 Aug '18

> > Thanks, it is still a bit fuzzy to me ... I understand what you did but what confuses me is that when i look at function with signature like f :: Monad m => c -> m d I always think that return type is somehow restricted in comparison to input because it demands that output type is wraped inside something (monad in this case). For such signature to fit id signature (a -> a) , c type shoud be also wraped inside monad but it is not case here... Anyhow, I still have to figure it out thanks

2 2

understanding function signature alignement
by simkestuff＠gmail.com 09 Aug '18

09 Aug '18

Hello, I'm going through Haskellbook and while doing some exercises I'm stack with trying to explain myself how types matches in this examples: meh :: Monad m => [a] -> (a -> m b) -> m [b] meh [] _ = pure [] meh (x:xs) f = (:) <$> f x <*> meh xs f flipType :: (Monad m) => [m a] -> m [a] flipType xs = meh xs id What puzzles me is how id function which is of type (a->a) can fit here where meh function is requesting function of type (a->m b)? The function (a -> m b) is function that says give me anything and I will give back anything wrapped up into some monad structure; id ( a -> a) on other hand says give me anything and I will return it back to you. So, to me, the first function is somehow more restricted than id function because it puts limitation on what output of that function can be and I'm struggling to understand how id function can fit here. I hope someone can help me how to reason about these functions here? thanks

3 2