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mconcat
by PICCA Frederic-Emmanuel 24 Dec '20

24 Dec '20

Hello, I have a monoid and I would like to know if there is a way to do the concatenation in parallele ? the mappend method takes time for my type. thanks for you help. Frederic

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Another currying and lambda question
by Lawrence Bottorff 22 Dec '20

22 Dec '20

In *Learn You... <http://learnyouahaskell.com/higher-order-functions> *I'm seeing this flipA :: (a -> b -> c) -> b -> a -> c flipA f x y = f y x and this flipB :: (a -> b -> c) -> b -> a -> c flipB f = \x y -> f y x What is it specifically about currying that makes flipA possible? Also, with flipB, could someone explain the beta reduction? It looks like f is not being acted on, just passed along, Would it look more like this in lambda calculus? (\x \y -> f y x) then (\x \y -> f y x) g a b gives g b a ? LB

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Lambda expression currying
by Lawrence Bottorff 22 Dec '20

22 Dec '20

Here's something from *Learn You... * Lambdas are normally surrounded by parentheses unless we mean for them to extend all the way to the right. Here's something interesting: due to the way functions are curried by default, these two are equivalent: addThree :: (Num a) => a -> a -> a -> a addThree x y z = x + y + z addThree :: (Num a) => a -> a -> a -> a addThree = \x -> \y -> \z -> x + y + z If we define a function like this, it's obvious why the type declaration is what it is. There are three ->'s in both the type declaration and the equation. But of course, the first way to write functions is far more readable, the second one is pretty much a gimmick to illustrate currying. So with the lambda version how exactly is the currying taking place? I understand something like this doubleDouble x = (\x -> x*2) (2 * x) So with beta reduction we have (2*x)*2, then plug in the argument. And with this overwrite x = (\x -> (\x -> (\x -> x) 4) 3) 2 which gives (\x -> (\x -> 4) 3) 2 (\x -> 4) 2 4 But how is the beta reduction happening with addThree? BTW, I flunked lambda calculus in Kindergarten. LB

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Problem with minimax with alpha beta pruning
by Maxim Frolov 22 Dec '20

22 Dec '20

Hi All, I am new to Haskell and got stuck while experimenting with minimax algorithm (tic-tac-toe game). Just for learning I am trying to avoid external modules and use only the standard Prelude library. Here is the code snippet: type Pos = (Int,Int) -- Players are O (minimizing) and X (maximizing), B is for the draw (blank), I and J are used for -INF and +INF respectively data Player = I | O | B | X | J deriving (Eq, Ord, Show) type Grid = [(Pos,Player)] data Tree a = Node a [Tree a] deriving Show minimax :: Player -> Player -> Tree Grid -> Tree (Grid, Player) minimax _ _ (Node g []) | wins X g = Node (g,X) [] | wins O g = Node (g,O) [] | otherwise = Node (g,B) [] minimax a b (Node g ts) | turn g == X = let ts' = [minimax alpha b t | t <- ts, alpha < b] ps = [p | Node (_,p) _ <- ts'] alpha = maximum (a:ps) in Node (g, alpha) ts' | turn g == O = let ts' = [minimax a beta t | t <- ts, a < beta] ps = [p | Node (_,p) _ <- ts'] beta = minimum (b:ps) in Node (g, beta) ts' The function call is like: minimax I J tree It looks like I got a recursion loop. Could someone advise how to approach the problem? Thank you, Max

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map type explanation
by Lawrence Bottorff 20 Dec '20

20 Dec '20

I'm looking at this ghci> :type map map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b] and wondering what the (a -> b) part is about. map takes a function and applies it to an incoming list. Good. Understood. I'm guessing that the whole Haskell type declaration idea is based on currying, and I do understand how the (a -> b) part "takes" an incoming list, [a] and produces the [b] output. Also, I don't understand a and b very well either. Typically, a is just a generic variable, then b is another generic variable not necessarily the same as a. But how are they being used in this type declaration? LB

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bayes-monad package
by Leduin José Cuenca Macas 17 Dec '20

17 Dec '20

Dear all, I want to know if there exists a free access project that uses the bayes-monad package. The purpose is to use this project as an end-course task. Kind regards. *Leduin José Cuenca Macas* *Student | Estudiante* Tel. (+593) 991 618 273

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1=2
by M Douglas McIlroy 15 Dec '20

15 Dec '20

ghc and ghci 8.6.5 accept 1=2 at top level. It seems to have no effect. What does it mean?

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Nested folds
by Pietro Grandinetti 13 Dec '20

13 Dec '20

Hello, I have a piece of code to represents Sentences, Paragraphs and the Content of an article. I added functions to count the words, code below. My questions: 1- Are these functions idiomatic? 2- Is this an efficient way to do the computation? 3- In different languages, I could (and would) give the same name `wordCount` to the three functions, because the type of the input would clarify the usage. But here GHC throws an error. What's the most idiomatic way to do this in Haskell? type Sentence = String type Paragraph = [Sentence] type Content = [Paragraph] sentWordCount :: Sentence -> Int sentWordCount = length . words parWordCount :: Paragraph -> Int parWordCount = foldr ((+) . sentWordCount) 0 contWordCount :: Content -> Int contWordCount = foldr ((+) . parWordCount) 0 I also have two more practical questions on the following two functions: makeSentence :: String -> Sentence makeSentence x = x::Sentence sentCharCount :: Sentence -> Int sentCharCount x = length $ filter (/= ' ') x 4- About `makeSentence` -- does it make sense to write a function like that just to encapsulate the String type? 5- About `sentCharCount` -- I cannot take the argument x off, the compilator complains. What's the reason? Thanks, -P

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unwanted Fractional constraint
by M Douglas McIlroy 11 Dec '20

11 Dec '20

For rational functions that take on integer values at integer arguments, for example n*(n+1)/2, is there a way to doctor the corresponding Haskell definition f n = n*(n+1)/2 so that the type signature becomes f :: Num a => a -> a rather than f :: Fractional a => a -> a Doug McIlroy

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(no subject)
by M Douglas McIlroy 11 Dec '20

11 Dec '20

Is it possible to decorate a definition like this

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