- Beginners - Haskell.org

haskell / prolog
by dan portin 21 Dec '10

21 Dec '10

I recently discovered that class and instance declarations in Haskell are Horn clauses. So I encoded the arithmetic operations from the first chapter of *Art of Prolog* into Haskell, in the standar fac(0,s(0)). fac(s(N),F) :- fac(N,X), mult(s(N),X,F). class Fac x y | x -> y instance Fac Z (S Z) instance (Fac n x, Mult (S n) x f) => Fac (S n) f I don't understand, however, to make Haskell instantiate values for variables in a proof. I.e., I don't understand what the Haskell equivalent of ?- fac(X,Y) would be for some value of X.

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Include external libs on cabal project
by Marco De Oliveira 21 Dec '10

21 Dec '10

Hi, I try to include an external lib (and C files that I made) on my cabal file and when I launch "configure" I have errors. I have added on my file: extra-libraries: "winscard" include-dirs: "C:\Program Files\Microsoft SDKs\Windows\v7.1\Include" extra-lib-dirs: "C:\Program Files\Microsoft SDKs\Windows\v7.1\Lib" and it fails because of the space on the path. (see logs) Is the syntax correct? What I have to change so that cabal can understand the space on directory path? Thanks for help Cabal version: 1.8.0.6 log after "runhaskell setup.lhs configure -v3" ("C:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\mingw\\bin\\gcc.exe",["C:\\Us ers\\E6400\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\8104.c","-o","C:\\Users\\E6400\\AppData\\Local \\Temp\\8104","-D__GLASGOW_HASKELL__=612","-Idist\\build\\autogen","-ISmartCard/ libpcsc/inc",*"-I\"C:\\Program","-IFiles\\Microsoft","-ISDKs\\Windows\\v7.1\\Incl ude\"*","-I.","-IC:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\lib\\base-4.2.0 .2\\include","-IC:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\lib/include","- IC:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\lib/include","-lwinscard",*"-L\ "C:\\Program","-LFiles\\Microsoft","-LSDKs\\Windows\\v7.1\\Lib\"*","-LC:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\lib\\base-4.2.0.2","-LC:\\Program Files\\H askell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\lib\\integer-gmp-0.2.0.1","-LC:\\Program Files\\Has kell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\lib\\ghc-prim-0.2.0.0","-LC:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\lib","-LC:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\l ib/gcc-lib","-LC:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\lib"]) C:\Program Files\Haskell Platform\2010.2.0.0\mingw\bin\gcc.exe returned ExitFailure 1 with error message: C:\Program Files\Haskell Platform\2010.2.0.0\mingw\bin\ld.exe: cannot find -lwinscard collect2: ld returned 1 exit status ("C:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\mingw\\bin\\gcc.exe",["C:\\Us ers\\E6400\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\8104.c","-o","C:\\Users\\E6400\\AppData\\Local \\Temp\\8104","-lwinscard","*-L\"C:\\Program","-LFiles\\Microsoft","-LSDKs\\Windo ws\\v7.1\\Lib\"",*"-LC:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\lib\\base-4 .2.0.2","-LC:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\lib\\integer-gmp-0.2 .0.1","-LC:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\lib\\ghc-prim-0.2.0.0" ,"-LC:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\lib","-LC:\\Program Files\\ Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\lib/gcc-lib","-LC:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platfor m\\2010.2.0.0\\lib"]) C:\Program Files\Haskell Platform\2010.2.0.0\mingw\bin\gcc.exe returned ExitFailure 1 with error message: C:\Program Files\Haskell Platform\2010.2.0.0\mingw\bin\ld.exe: cannot find -lwinscard collect2: ld returned 1 exit status ("C:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\mingw\\bin\\gcc.exe",["C:\\Us ers\\E6400\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\8104.c","-o","C:\\Users\\E6400\\AppData\\Local \\Temp\\8104","-lwinscard","-L\"C:\\Program","-LFiles\\Microsoft","-LSDKs\\Windo ws\\v7.1\\Lib\"","-LC:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\lib\\base-4 .2.0.2","-LC:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\lib\\integer-gmp-0.2 .0.1","-LC:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\lib\\ghc-prim-0.2.0.0" ,"-LC:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\lib","-LC:\\Program Files\\ Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\lib/gcc-lib","-LC:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platfor m\\2010.2.0.0\\lib"]) C:\Program Files\Haskell Platform\2010.2.0.0\mingw\bin\gcc.exe returned ExitFailure 1 with error message: C:\Program Files\Haskell Platform\2010.2.0.0\mingw\bin\ld.exe: cannot find -lwinscard collect2: ld returned 1 exit status ("C:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\mingw\\bin\\gcc.exe",["C:\\Us ers\\E6400\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\8104.c","-o","C:\\Users\\E6400\\AppData\\Local \\Temp\\8104","-c","-D__GLASGOW_HASKELL__=612","-Idist\\build\\autogen","-ISmart Card/libpcsc/inc",*"-I\"C:\\Program","-IFiles\\Microsoft","-ISDKs\\Windows\\v7.1\ \Include\*"","-I.","-IC:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\lib\\base- 4.2.0.2\\include","-IC:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\lib/includ e","-IC:\\Program Files\\Haskell Platform\\2010.2.0.0\\lib/include"]) Setup.lhs: Missing dependency on a foreign library: * Missing C library: winscard This problem can usually be solved by installing the system package that provides this library (you may need the "-dev" version). If the library is already installed but in a non-standard location then you can use the flags --extra-include-dirs= and --extra-lib-dirs= to specify where it is.

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How to "insert" a cross reference into a tree structure
by Tim Baumgartner 20 Dec '10

20 Dec '10

Hi Haskellers, since I learned the basics of algebraic data types, I have a question. First I thought I could answer it after getting a little more used to Haskell's type system. But now I prefer to ask here. Given the following example code, how can I "insert" a cross reference from the track "Money for Nothing" to the artist "Sting" who sang the background vocals? I know it must be a new MusicCollection, but I'd like to know the shortest general code to construct it. data MusicCollection = MusicCollection [Artist] deriving (Show) data Artist = Artist String [Album] deriving (Show) data Album = Album String [Track] deriving (Show) data Track = Track String [Artist] -- featured Artists are cross referenced, so Show cannot be derived collection = MusicCollection [direStraits, sting] direStraits = Artist "Dire Straits" [brothersInArms] brothersInArms = Album "Brothers in Arms" [moneyForNothing] moneyForNothing = Track "Money for Nothing" [] Thanks in advance Tim

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RandT
by Amy de Buitléir 20 Dec '10

20 Dec '10

The example below shows part of the architecture I'm using for an alife project. Q1: My implementation of "simulateBrain" seems clumsy. Is there a better way to do this? Q2: The "Animal" type includes a "brain" component. I implemented that as a simple list, but perhaps it would be better to use a monad here? I tried doing that, but I couldn't figure out the syntax. The closest I got was when I defined a "type Brain g a = (RandomGen g) => RandT g (State [Neuron]) a". But that a specifies a result type, which doesn't make sense to me for a record component. Thank you, Amy ----- SAMPLE CODE ----- {-# LANGUAGE PackageImports, RankNTypes, FlexibleContexts #-} import "mtl" Control.Monad.State import Control.Monad.Random type Neuron = Int -- The real type is more complex -- An "Alife" animal data Animal = Animal { brain :: [Neuron] -- There are other fields too, of course } deriving (Show, Read) -- | Stimulates an animal's brain, and allows it to react. stimulateBrain :: (RandomGen g) -- | The number of cycles => Int -- | The signals to apply to the sensor neurons -> [Double] -- | The animal -> RandT g (State Animal) () stimulateBrain n xs = do c <- get g <- getSplit let b' = execState (evalRandT (stimulate n xs) g) (brain c) put $ c{brain=b'} -- | Feeds some input signals into a brain, and allow it to react. stimulate :: (RandomGen g) -- | The number of cycles => Int -- | The signals to apply to the sensor neurons -> [Double] -- | The neuron states -> RandT g (State [Neuron]) () stimulate k xs = return () -- The real implementation is more complex

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Can I force cabal to install a package always to be installed with --enable-library-profiling
by Daniel Seidel 19 Dec '10

19 Dec '10

Hi, I want to create a cabal package and want to enforce via the descriptions in the .cabal file that it is always installed with --enable-library-profiling. Unfortunately I couldn't figure this out from the cabal documentation. I found how I can enforce that my cabal always installs profiling versions, but not if and how I can enforce that one special package is installed that way by any cabal installation. Is this possible, and if how? Cheers, Daniel.

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Struggling with Haskell updates on Macintosh
by David Jameson 19 Dec '10

19 Dec '10

Hi, I'm trying to teach myself Haskell and have installed the platform on my Mac along with Leksah. I'm trying to use cabal to get some updates (in particular mtl so that I can get the gtk library working) and cabal wants to update itself. However, when I try to do this, I'm running into various issues 1) I get a lot of warnings about the Module Prelude being deprecated (possibly due to some legacy haskell installs?) 2) The update is being installed into a different location ~/.cabal rather than to /usr/local/bin/cabal (which itself is an alias to /Library/Frameworks/HaskellPlatform.framework/bin/cabal) so no matter how many times I try to update, I keep getting told there's a new version. So how can I make the update go into the correct location? Many thanks, David Jameson

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Re: [Haskell-beginners] How to think in Haskell
by Russ Abbott 19 Dec '10

19 Dec '10

It seems to me that among the basic concepts to focus on when learning Haskell are Currying (or partial evaluation), functional composition as a way to produce another function (and not just as an evaluation strategy), and passing functions are arguments. In all three one has to think in terms of functions being values that are created dynamically and passed around. A good way to practice is to focus on writing point-free code and to use the $ syntax notation as much as possible. $ is nice in that it is the apply function. Thinking of it in those terms helps build intuition since (again) its first argument is a function that is passed to it. A nice thing about these concepts is that they all exist and can be played with at the code level. They can all be explored at the level of the operational semantics of the language--i.e., how it works when you write code. Virtually no theory is required to learn or use them. * -- Russ* * * On Sat, Dec 18, 2010 at 3:00 AM, <beginners-request(a)haskell.org> wrote: > Send Beginners mailing list submissions to > beginners(a)haskell.org > > To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit > http://www.haskell.org/mailman/listinfo/beginners > or, via email, send a message with subject or body 'help' to > beginners-request(a)haskell.org > > You can reach the person managing the list at > beginners-owner(a)haskell.org > > When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific > than "Re: Contents of Beginners digest..." > > > Today's Topics: > > 1. Re: How to think in Haskell (David Virebayre) > 2. How to think in Haskell (Jun HU) (Sean Charles) > 3. Re: How to think in Haskell (Jun HU) (Gregg Reynolds) > 4. Re: How to think in Haskell (Ertugrul Soeylemez) > 5. Computational Linguistic (Luca Ciciriello) > 6. Re: Computational Linguistic (SOLVED) (Luca Ciciriello) > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > > Message: 1 > Date: Fri, 17 Dec 2010 13:10:45 +0100 > From: David Virebayre <dav.vire%2Bhaskell(a)gmail.com<dav.vire%252Bhaskell(a)gmail.com> > > > Subject: Re: [Haskell-beginners] How to think in Haskell > To: Brent Yorgey <byorgey(a)seas.upenn.edu> > Cc: beginners(a)haskell.org > Message-ID: > <AANLkTik3yaYtdOJ5ZOtxwj8xn5m7CjGrjL32RD80_0%2BZ(a)mail.gmail.com<AANLkTik3yaYtdOJ5ZOtxwj8xn5m7CjGrjL32RD80_0%252BZ(a)mail.gmail.com> > > > Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 > > 2010/12/16 Brent Yorgey <byorgey(a)seas.upenn.edu>: > > On Thu, Dec 16, 2010 at 04:41:24PM +0100, Luca Ciciriello wrote: > >> Hi, here my path (in correct order) I followed to learn to think > functionally: > > >> 1) Curry-Howard Isomorphism > >> 2) Type Theory & Functional Programming > >> 3) The Hindley-Milner Type inference algorithm > >> 4) Basic Category Theory > >> 5) Notions of computation and monads > >> 6) Denotational semantics > >> 7) Monads for functional programming > >> 8) Theorems for free. > >> 9) A History of Haskell: Being Lazy With Class > > > These are all wonderful topics. ?But I strongly disagree with the > > notion that one must understand all of these before even starting a > > Haskell tutorial (!), or even that one must understand all of these to > > be able to "think functionally" in some sense. > > ... aaaaand I'm going to agree with Brent here. > > It took me a while to have many things "click", but I found it hard to > thoroughly read many papers. The mathematical notation which I'm not > familiar with often is a problem to stay focused. > > What helped for me was reading tutorials and practice. Reading about > people's problems on Caf?, and reading the replies. Re-reading several > times a tutorial, weeks apart. I wish I had Real world haskell was I > was starting, but I have it now and I'm glad I do. > > I can't claim I understand more than Haskell 98, but it's more than > enough for a start. > > David. > > > > ------------------------------ > > Message: 2 > Date: Fri, 17 Dec 2010 14:44:09 +0000 > From: Sean Charles <sean(a)objitsu.com> > Subject: [Haskell-beginners] How to think in Haskell (Jun HU) > To: beginners(a)haskell.org > Message-ID: <1292597049.3903.18.camel@sean-desktop> > Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" > > I learned Smalltalk in 1999, then I found LISP because Alan Kay said it > was the most awesome language ever invented. That got me hooked into > using s-expressions for everything! > > Then I found Erlang and that was just brilliant, although I still missed > the s-expression format of LISP. > > Then, about seven months ago I decided to try Haskell, I bought the Real > World Haskell book and I've been trying to get better every day I can. > > I've been a software develoepr for aobut twenty-six years, from assembly > language on chips and DEC/VAX right through to today and without doubt > Haskell has been my single most frustrating learning experience ever. > > And that my friends is a compliment to Haskell! :) > > I am *not* a mathematician, I did 'A'-level maths and physics and > computers back when Clive Sinclair was a force to be reckoned with. > To be told I have to read a big list of stuff with titles that would > make people think I was speaking in tongues doesn't cut it for me. For > my day job I *have* to cut PHP/Drupal, so I applied learning Haskell and > made myself some tools that generate Drupal code! > > Make it relevant to what you do everyday, that way it will carry more > meaning for you, why spend hours head-scratching over some fancy pants > monadic kung-fu lesson when you can as easily learn to read a file and > process each line, do something with it and then create a new file. > > First rule of optimisation: Don't do it. It was how I felt learning LISP > too, there are so many functions to do things, which is the 'right' one? > Make it work first then you can step back and say, "Can I do this more > succinctly using more advanced language features?" > > Don't try to learn it all at once, it's depressing! I know! > > > BIG HELP: The single biggest thing that helped me was to download the > PDF slide-notes and watch both parts of Simon Peyton Jones talks, all > available here: > http://notes-on-haskell.blogspot.com/2007/08/more-spj.html > > It was when I realises that, unlike C++ for example, where there is an > implicit 'this' pointer stuffed in the stack, in Haskell programs there > is an implicit pointer to the type information being passed around which > made lots of things click for me like "How does it know?" LOL > > Haskell is the classic elephant sandwich; a formidable task, but > everytime I understand something new it feels great! > > Best of luck! > :) > Sean Charles > > > > > > > ------------------------------ > > Message: 3 > Date: Fri, 17 Dec 2010 09:18:42 -0600 > From: Gregg Reynolds <dev(a)mobileink.com> > Subject: Re: [Haskell-beginners] How to think in Haskell (Jun HU) > To: sean(a)objitsu.com > Cc: beginners(a)haskell.org > Message-ID: > <AANLkTimXZj__z2uzJB-T9tH0f-ftkcAUVCMb-nuFc3QQ(a)mail.gmail.com> > Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" > > On Fri, Dec 17, 2010 at 8:44 AM, Sean Charles <sean(a)objitsu.com> wrote: > > > > > I've been a software develoepr for aobut twenty-six years, from assembly > > language on chips and DEC/VAX right through to today and without doubt > > Haskell has been my single most frustrating learning experience ever. > > > > And that my friends is a compliment to Haskell! :) > > > > Don't try to learn it all at once, it's depressing! I know! > > > > I took my first crack at Haskell 5+ years ago, was befuddled by the term > "constructor" and left completely in the dark by monads. So I moved on to > other things. It took me about three tries and a lot of research into > various corners of computer science (I was a liberal arts major) to reach > the point where I understood the terminology and began to grasp the big > picture. Fortunately there's a lot more information available for > beginners > now. > > Even though the likelihood of me ever getting paid to program in Haskell is > nil, what I've gained from studying it vastly outweighs the considerable > effort I put into it. I thought I was learning another programming > language; in fact, I was learning to think about computation, logic, and > mathematics in ways that were completely new and very enlightening to me. > To really really understand it all, you have to delve into lambda calculus > most obviously, but also intuitionistic mathematics and logic, proof > theory, > category theory, and various other fascinating topics. In 100 or even 10 > years such stuff will form part of a basic educational program, but at the > moment it's like a secret world of magical beasts. The down side is > there's > nobody to talk to about it (except via mailing lists) since almost nobody > outside of specialists even knows this world exists. > > > > > > BIG HELP: The single biggest thing that helped me was to download the > > PDF slide-notes and watch both parts of Simon Peyton Jones talks, all > > available here: > > http://notes-on-haskell.blogspot.com/2007/08/more-spj.html > > > His book "Implementation of Functional > Languages< > http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/simonpj/papers/slpj-book-1987… > >" > is also very helpful, even if you have no interest in actually implementing > functional languages. It (and various other pubs) has proven very helpful > in deciphering some of the arcane bits of terminology that often pop up in > discussions of Haskell and FP, such as boxing, bottom, "weak head normal > form", etc. You can skim the gory details and still get a lot out of it. > Plus, I just found the tutorial > version< > http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/simonpj/papers/pj-lester-book/ > > > . > > -Gregg >

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Computational Linguistic
by Luca Ciciriello 18 Dec '10

18 Dec '10

Hi All. It's my impression or all "items" about computational linguistic are been ripped away from Hackage? Luca.

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How to think in Haskell (Jun HU)
by Sean Charles 17 Dec '10

17 Dec '10

I learned Smalltalk in 1999, then I found LISP because Alan Kay said it was the most awesome language ever invented. That got me hooked into using s-expressions for everything! Then I found Erlang and that was just brilliant, although I still missed the s-expression format of LISP. Then, about seven months ago I decided to try Haskell, I bought the Real World Haskell book and I've been trying to get better every day I can. I've been a software develoepr for aobut twenty-six years, from assembly language on chips and DEC/VAX right through to today and without doubt Haskell has been my single most frustrating learning experience ever. And that my friends is a compliment to Haskell! :) I am *not* a mathematician, I did 'A'-level maths and physics and computers back when Clive Sinclair was a force to be reckoned with. To be told I have to read a big list of stuff with titles that would make people think I was speaking in tongues doesn't cut it for me. For my day job I *have* to cut PHP/Drupal, so I applied learning Haskell and made myself some tools that generate Drupal code! Make it relevant to what you do everyday, that way it will carry more meaning for you, why spend hours head-scratching over some fancy pants monadic kung-fu lesson when you can as easily learn to read a file and process each line, do something with it and then create a new file. First rule of optimisation: Don't do it. It was how I felt learning LISP too, there are so many functions to do things, which is the 'right' one? Make it work first then you can step back and say, "Can I do this more succinctly using more advanced language features?" Don't try to learn it all at once, it's depressing! I know! BIG HELP: The single biggest thing that helped me was to download the PDF slide-notes and watch both parts of Simon Peyton Jones talks, all available here: http://notes-on-haskell.blogspot.com/2007/08/more-spj.html It was when I realises that, unlike C++ for example, where there is an implicit 'this' pointer stuffed in the stack, in Haskell programs there is an implicit pointer to the type information being passed around which made lots of things click for me like "How does it know?" LOL Haskell is the classic elephant sandwich; a formidable task, but everytime I understand something new it feels great! Best of luck! :) Sean Charles

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polymorphism vs. overloading
by Dennis Raddle 17 Dec '10

17 Dec '10

I looked up the difference between polymorphism and overloading (speaking of all languages in general), and apparently polymorphism is a general term for an operation that can accept arguments of different types. Overloading is a form of "ad-hoc polymorphism" in which the compiler chooses specific code to be executed by inspecting the arguments at compile time. Apparently "true polymorphism" means exactly the same code is executed no matter what the argument types, such as implemented by inheritance in C++ (*) Now my understanding of Haskell's classes is that the compiler chooses the right instance of the class at compile time. Does that mean that Haskell implements only ad-hoc polymorphism? (*) Another question: if someone says "What feature of C++ makes polymorphism possible?" What is the correct answer? Inheritance? Virtual methods? Some combination? -D

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