- Beginners - Haskell.org

Help with a data type declaration
by jamb＠hinojosa.com 29 Sep '15

29 Sep '15

How can I interpret the following data type declaration? The book where I am studying (and other sources I have read as well) only show more simple examples. This is what I can say about it: * "Tree" is the name of the new type. * "Branch" and "Leaf" are the type constructors. * What is "a" and "b"? * It seems to me that this type is kind of "recursively" defined but I do not know exactly. data Tree a b = Branch b (Tree a b) (Tree a b) | Leaf a I will very much appreciate your feedback. Regards, JAMB

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Optimising a combinatorial algorithm?
by Mario Lang 29 Sep '15

29 Sep '15

Hi! TL;DR: My implementation looks elegant (to me), but is rather slow compared to a well optimized C++ impl. of the same algorithm. Runtime differences are currently huge. Looking for input on what I could change to match C++ performance, without loosing too much expressiveness of the code. I am writing software to deal with Braille music code. As an exercise for me, and as an attempt to boil the algorithm down to a more readable form, I am in the process of translating my C++ program[1] to Haskell. So far, so good. Given that I only came back to Haskell (after 10 years of a break) roughly 2 weeks ago, I think I have made quite nice progress. However, now that I reached a stage where I can actually do a performance comparison, the dreaded thing has happened: The performance of my Haskell implementation is rather horrible to what my C++ implementation can deliver. While the code size has gone down roughly by a factor of 10, runtime has gone up roughly by the same factor... For the impatient, here is the code I am talking about: https://github.com/mlang/hbmc/blob/master/Data/Braille/Music.hs The first half of the code is concerend with parsing braille. Performance is not critical here, so I opted to use Parsec, mostly because I am interested in good quality error messages. The fun starts with the definition of 'pvs'. The problem: Braille music values are inherently ambiguous. The sign for a whole note can also mean a 16th note, a sign for a half note can also mean a 32th note, the sign for a quarter note can also mean a 64th, and a 8th note could also mean a 128th note. This is histoical, and there is no way around this. The time signature (meter) is used to actually tell which note is which. This is relatively easy to do for an experienced human, but quite complicated for a computer. A measure (bar) of braille music can contain parallel *and* sequential parts. The data structure is basically: data Sign = ... type PartialVoice = [Sign] type PartialMeasure = [PartialVoice] type Voice = [PartialMeasure] type Measure = [Voice] As a constraint, all PartialVoices in a PartialMeasure need to have the exact same duration. Similarily, all Voices inside a Measure also need to have the exact same duration. So 'pvs', 'pms', 'vs' and 'ms' in my Data.Braille.Music module are concerned with calculating all possible interpretations of the input. All in all, the current Haskell implementation is doing what it should. However, profiling tells me I am allocating roughly 2GB of memory to disambiguate a single measure of music in 3/2 time. This takes roughly 1.2s on my rather fast CPU. The amount of allocation and the runtime are unacceptable. If I leave it at that, I might as well ditch the code and terminate the experiment. As a comparison, my C++ impl. takes roughly 1s to disambiguate 32 measures of the same piece, while Haskell already takes 1.2s to disambiguate just one of these measures. Profiling tells me I am spending 90% of all the time in 'dur', which is my small helper method to calculate the duration of a PartialVoice, PartialMeasure or Voice. The project is setup to support profiling: git clone https://github.com/mlang/hbmc cd hbmc cabal run profiling Do you see a way to significantly speed this algorithm up, without loosing a lot of expressiveness/elegancy? Since I am back to Haskell since only 2 weeks, I am basically happy abut every sort of hint/tip you can give me. Stylistic, as well as performance-related. For now, this is really just a toy project. However, if I can manage to improve the performance significantly without destroying the readability of the code too much, I might be interested to finish translating my current C++ work into a more-or-less complete Haskell library. After all, BMC is more or less a compiler. And Haskell is supposed to be very good at this stuff :-) Here is a link to the original C++ project: [1] https://github.com/malng/bmc -- CYa, ⡍⠁⠗⠊⠕

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foldl on Bool:s
by goforgit . 27 Sep '15

27 Sep '15

Reading http://learnyouahaskell.com/higher-order-functions I understand that with the function sum' :: (Num a) => [a] -> a sum' = foldl (+) 0 the call ghci>>> sum' [1,2,3] will be evaluated as 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 But what about the function elem' :: (Eq a) => a -> [a] -> Bool elem' y ys = foldl (\acc x -> if x == y then True else acc) False ys and calling it with ghci>>> elem' 3 [1,2,3] How is that evaluated to True by foldl in elem'? Thanks in advance for any explanation to this!

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Get max element of a list using foldl or foldr
by jamb＠hinojosa.com 25 Sep '15

25 Sep '15

Hello, I am a complete Haskell beginner and I am doing some exercises of my book but I am stuck with the following: Define myMax :: Ord a => [a] -> a which returns the maximum element of a list. I must use foldl1 or foldr1 and I am given the hint to use max which gets the maximum of 2 elements. I will very much appreciate if you help me solve it. Thanks in advance, JAMB

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Numeric Integer vs Integer
by goforgit . 25 Sep '15

25 Sep '15

Hello! Could someone explain to me the difference between the following? data Atype = Numeric Integer | A | B C and data Atype = Integer | A | B C Thanks in advance!

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applicative style
by Williams, Wes(AWF) 24 Sep '15

24 Sep '15

Hi haskellers, I am trying to understand why I get the following error in learning applicative style. Prelude> let estimates = [5,5,8,8,2,1,5,2] Prelude> (/) <$> Just $ foldl (+) 0 estimates <*> Just . fromIntegral $ length estimates <interactive>:54:1: Non type-variable argument in the constraint: Fractional (Maybe r) (Use FlexibleContexts to permit this) When checking that 'it' has the inferred type it :: forall a r. (Fractional (Maybe r), Num a, Num (Int -> Maybe a -> r)) => Maybe r -> Maybe r All the parts work individually. If use let and assign the parts to x and y it also works. E.g. This works let x = Just $ foldl (+) estimates Let y = Just . fromIntegral $ length estimates (/) <$> x <*> y I clearly do not understand exactly how these work. :-) Thanks for any help, -wes

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Monad transformers
by Andrew Bernard 19 Sep '15

19 Sep '15

Greetings All, While I admire Haskell enormously, as a an intermediate beginner I find it difficult to know what is normal Haskell style for real world programming. On the subject of monad transformers, the paper by Martin Grabümller titled 'Monad Transformers Step by Step' gives an example of an evaluator using monad transformers with the following type: type Eval6 α = ReaderT Env (ErrorT String (WriterT [String] (StateT Integer IO))) α Is this how normal Haskell is developed and written in practice? I find the type and the function impenetrably dense and difficult to understand. Should I be aspiring to have my functions look and work like this? Of course it depends on what you want to do, but the essence of the question is, does Haskell ultimately end up looking like this for any real programming, beyond textbook list manipulation functions? Andrew

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Config data
by Mike Houghton 18 Sep '15

18 Sep '15

Hi, I’ve haskell files parser.hs and email.hs email.hs is a module imported into parser and parser has the main. email has various passwords and server names needed to connect and send email. I want to have those details in a config file and read it in at start - using say config module. I’m ok with this part but the practicality of doing it eludes me... It seems to me that email module can either get the config details itself or be told them by parser. If email wants to get them how would it do this? It does not have a main that gets run so can’t load a config file.(can it ??) However parser can load the config in its main and then tell mail what the values are but how would mail save them? Of course I could chanage the signatures of the email send/receive functions in mail to take the connection details but that seems wrong. Thanks Mike

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Converting a data type to an abstract data type
by Ryan Warner 17 Sep '15

17 Sep '15

I had defined a data type similar to the following: data Record = Record { name :: String, age :: Int } Later, I realized I needed it be an ADT defined like: data Record a = Record { name :: String, age :: Int, resource :: a } The change turned out to be fairly well contained and probably only took me a half hour to propagate up. However, I see the potential for this to be a bigger job. Are there any editors that automate that kind of refactoring? -Ryan

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Re: [Haskell-beginners] [Haskell-cafe] Powerset of a set
by Francesco Ariis 14 Sep '15

14 Sep '15

On Mon, Sep 14, 2015 at 01:57:10PM -0500, JORGE MALDONADO wrote: > The powerset of set s is a set containing all subsets of s. > I need a clue on how to write Haskell code to get the superset of a set > using direct recursion and list comprehension. > > Best regads. This is good for haskell-beginners rather than haskell cafe. Clue: - say you have a list `l` [a,b,c,d,e] - you have the powerset of list `m` [b,c,d,e] - how can you use the `powerset of m` to calculate the `powerset of l`?

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