On Sun, Dec 13, 2009 at 11:24:06AM +0100, Heinrich Apfelmus wrote:
In other words, the book in your example is not a real book, it's just a few bytes in the computer that model it for the purpose of tracking whether it's lent out or not. For instance, these few bytes can be a unique ID and a possible lend function is
lend :: BookID -> Library -> Library
I should also point out that people coming from an OO or imperative background often look at a function like this and think it looks incredibly inefficient --- why throw away the entire *library* and build a new one *from scratch* when all we want to do is modify one little part of it? This seems a huge price to pay for immutability! But this line of thinking confuses abstract semantics with concrete implementation (something that imperative programming unfortunately tends to encourage, in my experience). The runtime is free to implement operations like "lend" any way it likes, as long as the abstract semantics are preserved. In this particular example, most of the "new" Library will probably be shared with the "old" Library, and just the part that is changed needs to be updated (in fact, note that this is only possible because Library is immutable! =) So in terms of actual execution we get the same efficiency that we would have by mutating the Library, but we get the cognitive benefit of being able to *think* of it as if we have produced an entirely new Library. -Brent