I'm currently reading the first edition of "Introduction to Functional Programming" by Richard Bird and Philip Wadler. Section 7.6 is on cyclic structures, and has the following example: ones = forever 1 forever x = x : forever x Which, after 5 evaluations, produces a graph like: 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : forever 1 The book then has a re-written version of `forever` that looks like this: forever x = zs where zs = x : zs Which instead produces a cyclic structure: * 1 : ^-----| So it takes up a fixed amount of space, despite being an infinite list. I was hoping someone could explain the difference between the first and second `forever`s for me. Does the second version become a cyclic graph because the `zs` intermediate expression has no additional arguments so doesn't need to be reduced further? Or do both end up being optimised the same by GHC? (my newbie attempts to profile show the second takes up a bit less space, but I'm not sure if I'm measuring it right). Appreciate any help. Regards, David