Hi Akash, Thanks for the response. A very simple and lucid explanation. Looks interesting. So, here's the big picture now, for which I need this. I intend to implement a lookalike Sieve of Eratosthenes algorithm in haskell. For this, I intend to use the earlier function recursively, as follows: primesBelowN :: Integer -> [Integer] primesBelowN n = 2:3:filter f [6*k+i | k <- [1..(n-1)`div`6], i <- [-1, 1]] where f x = foldr g True xs where g t ac = (x `rem` t /= 0) && ac xs = [ m | m <- primesBelowN n, m <= (truncate (sqrt (fromInteger x)))] Of course, I could do something like this: primesBelowN :: Integer -> [Integer] primesBelowN n = 2:3:filter f [6*k+i | k <- [1..(n-1)`div`6], i <- [-1, 1]] where f x = foldr g True xs where g t ac = (x `rem` t /= 0) && ac xs = [ m | m <- primesBelowN (truncate (sqrt (fromInteger x)))] However, this calls primesBelowN function with a new argument everytime. I suppose that is not optimal (correct me if I am wrong). Point number 2: both fail. Grrh. Any ideas how I could go recursive with this function? Dushyant On Thu, May 5, 2016 at 6:31 PM akash g wrote:

Hi Dushyant,

The problem most likely is [m | m <- [5,7..], m <= (truncate (sqrt (fromInteger x)))]

This is because, the filter condition (the last part) does a very simple thing: It filters out any element that does not fulfil the criteria. You are operating on a list that is monotonically increasing. However, the filter isn't aware of this property. Hence, this list comprehension never ends because it doesn't know that once the condition fails, it will always fail.

Thus, the solution would be to generate a finite set (or take a part of the infinite set using takeWhile or something like that), instead of using an infinite one.

Regards, G Akash.

On Thu, May 5, 2016 at 6:13 PM, Dushyant Juneja

...

wrote:

...

Hi,

I seem to be landing into infinite recursion when using higher order functions with list comprehension. Take this for an example. The following works well, and gives answers for numbers like 2000000 as well:

primesBelowN :: Integer -> [Integer] primesBelowN n = 2:3:filter f [6*k+i | k <- [1..(n-1)`div`6], i <- [-1, 1]] where f x = foldr g True xs where g t ac = (x `rem` t /= 0) && ac xs = [5, 7..(truncate (sqrt (fromInteger x)))]

However, the following never returns anything for the same number, probably due to some kind of loop malfunction:

primesBelowN :: Integer -> [Integer] primesBelowN n = 2:3:filter f [6*k+i | k <- [1..(n-1)`div`6], i <- [-1, 1]] where f x = foldr g True xs where g t ac = (x `rem` t /= 0) && ac xs = [ m | m <- [5, 7, ..], m <= (truncate (sqrt (fromInteger x)))]

Any ideas what might be going wrong?

Thanks in advance!

DJ

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Implicitly, primesBelow shouldn't ever in fact call itself, not as it is articulated here **at the very least**, not without wasting a lot of calculus. As it is, and maybe no matter what (i'm not sure, don't have the knowledge to certify that), when primesBelow checks if a value "v" is prime or not, well no matter what it'll already have calculated and stored all primes below this value n (this, according to how primesBelow is articulated, aka filtering of Naturals bottom-top). Thus, if for each potential element "v" of the result (in my version, "list") of primesBelow, you call once again primesBelow, asking it to generate again all primes below sqrt(v), you'll do nothing more than doing again what you already did, because all those previous primes have already been generated, stored away, and especially very accessible, in the list-result in-construction of the **current** call to primesBelow, so if you don't use it but call again primesBelow to get a copy of what you already have, you'll multiply immensely the work without any gain. That's why I named the very result of primesBelow, to get a way to use "list" (the previously generated items of the future result-list) in "checker". 2016-05-05 15:44 GMT+02:00 Dushyant Juneja :

Hi Akash,

Thanks for the response. A very simple and lucid explanation. Looks interesting.

So, here's the big picture now, for which I need this. I intend to implement a lookalike Sieve of Eratosthenes algorithm in haskell. For this, I intend to use the earlier function recursively, as follows:

primesBelowN :: Integer -> [Integer] primesBelowN n = 2:3:filter f [6*k+i | k <- [1..(n-1)`div`6], i <- [-1, 1]] where f x = foldr g True xs where g t ac = (x `rem` t /= 0) && ac xs = [ m | m <- primesBelowN n, m <= (truncate (sqrt (fromInteger x)))]

Of course, I could do something like this:

primesBelowN :: Integer -> [Integer] primesBelowN n = 2:3:filter f [6*k+i | k <- [1..(n-1)`div`6], i <- [-1, 1]] where f x = foldr g True xs where g t ac = (x `rem` t /= 0) && ac xs = [ m | m <- primesBelowN (truncate (sqrt (fromInteger x)))]

However, this calls primesBelowN function with a new argument everytime. I suppose that is not optimal (correct me if I am wrong).

Point number 2: both fail. Grrh.

Any ideas how I could go recursive with this function?

Dushyant

On Thu, May 5, 2016 at 6:31 PM akash g wrote:

...

Hi Dushyant,

The problem most likely is [m | m <- [5,7..], m <= (truncate (sqrt (fromInteger x)))]

This is because, the filter condition (the last part) does a very simple thing: It filters out any element that does not fulfil the criteria. You are operating on a list that is monotonically increasing. However, the filter isn't aware of this property. Hence, this list comprehension never ends because it doesn't know that once the condition fails, it will always fail.

Thus, the solution would be to generate a finite set (or take a part of the infinite set using takeWhile or something like that), instead of using an infinite one.

Regards, G Akash.

On Thu, May 5, 2016 at 6:13 PM, Dushyant Juneja < juneja.dushyant@gmail.com> wrote:

...

Hi,

I seem to be landing into infinite recursion when using higher order functions with list comprehension. Take this for an example. The following works well, and gives answers for numbers like 2000000 as well:

primesBelowN :: Integer -> [Integer] primesBelowN n = 2:3:filter f [6*k+i | k <- [1..(n-1)`div`6], i <- [-1, 1]] where f x = foldr g True xs where g t ac = (x `rem` t /= 0) && ac xs = [5, 7..(truncate (sqrt (fromInteger x)))]

However, the following never returns anything for the same number, probably due to some kind of loop malfunction:

primesBelowN :: Integer -> [Integer] primesBelowN n = 2:3:filter f [6*k+i | k <- [1..(n-1)`div`6], i <- [-1, 1]] where f x = foldr g True xs where g t ac = (x `rem` t /= 0) && ac xs = [ m | m <- [5, 7, ..], m <= (truncate (sqrt (fromInteger x)))]

Any ideas what might be going wrong?

Thanks in advance!

DJ

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I don't think you have understood me. your recursive call will do a huge amount of work several times uselessly. for each x, *after* having checked [4..x-1] of your list comprehension for primeness, every value of [4.. square(x)] would again be calculated by your recursive call, instead of using the same result of the current call (what i called "list" in my version of it), then for every of those values, the recursive call would calculate *again* the exact same values, say, for square(x), [4.. square(square(x))], etc until it reaches the beginning of the list. in other terms, everytime you call primeBelow inside itself, it'll create a new scope, with a new identical result list (2:3: ...), and will try to calculate **again** the first items until it reaches the square root of x, a work which at the time this recursive call is made, is necessarily **already** done! think about it: this x is the one in the list comprehension that is currently being processed to know if it is prime or not. it means every n < x has already been processed inside the result-in-construction ("list" in my example) of your **current** call to (primeBelow n). this expression: primeBelow n = list where list = ... implies that (primeBelow n) precisely is identical to "list" (lazily speaking), so if you use the value "list" instead of a new call, you'll get necessarily the same values under square(x), except they won't have to be calculated again the only other scenario of course is endless recursive call, but you mentioned it yourself, which makes me think implicitly you know what i'm trying to explain, since you said yourself: "Since squareRoot x will never be more than x, the recursion has no opportunity to overflow to infinity." you knkow that in the recursive call to, basically, (primeBelow square(x)), x itself would never be reached **because** (square x) is being checked **before** x is ever reached, which implies that, in the **current** main call to primeBelow, since we do are checking (x) (and are in need of the first primes under square x), then all primes under square(x) will **already** have been calculated *before**, are already known, in this very call, in a value you have to name, and which i named "list". 2016-05-06 9:48 GMT+02:00 Dushyant Juneja :

Silent Leaf, Akash,

Thanks for your inputs. I think my issue got sorted out. As Akash pointed out, the issue lies with the truncation condition never being met for some cases. I got this finally working using 'takeWhile'. The recursion is as elegant now:

primesBelowN :: Integer -> [Integer] primesBelowN n = 2:3:filter f [6*k+i | k <- [1..(n-1)`div`6], i <- [-1, 1]] where f x = foldr g True xs where g t ac = (x `rem` t /= 0) && ac xs = takeWhile (<= squareRoot x) $ primesBelowN n

Since squareRoot x will never be more than x, the recursion has no opportunity to overflow to infinity.

Thanks for your inputs!

Having said all of this, I now realize that this is not really the Sieve of Eratosthenes, but an optimized trial division method. Thanks to this, now I know something more about list comprehension and its pitfalls. And some things about optimization in haskell.

Thanks again for your time and effort.

Dushyant

On Thu, May 5, 2016 at 11:41 PM Silent Leaf wrote:

...

Implicitly, primesBelow shouldn't ever in fact call itself, not as it is articulated here **at the very least**, not without wasting a lot of calculus.

As it is, and maybe no matter what (i'm not sure, don't have the knowledge to certify that), when primesBelow checks if a value "v" is prime or not, well no matter what it'll already have calculated and stored all primes below this value n (this, according to how primesBelow is articulated, aka filtering of Naturals bottom-top).

Thus, if for each potential element "v" of the result (in my version, "list") of primesBelow, you call once again primesBelow, asking it to generate again all primes below sqrt(v), you'll do nothing more than doing again what you already did, because all those previous primes have already been generated, stored away, and especially very accessible, in the list-result in-construction of the **current** call to primesBelow, so if you don't use it but call again primesBelow to get a copy of what you already have, you'll multiply immensely the work without any gain. That's why I named the very result of primesBelow, to get a way to use "list" (the previously generated items of the future result-list) in "checker".

2016-05-05 15:44 GMT+02:00 Dushyant Juneja :

...

Hi Akash,

Thanks for the response. A very simple and lucid explanation. Looks interesting.

So, here's the big picture now, for which I need this. I intend to implement a lookalike Sieve of Eratosthenes algorithm in haskell. For this, I intend to use the earlier function recursively, as follows:

primesBelowN :: Integer -> [Integer] primesBelowN n = 2:3:filter f [6*k+i | k <- [1..(n-1)`div`6], i <- [-1, 1]] where f x = foldr g True xs where g t ac = (x `rem` t /= 0) && ac xs = [ m | m <- primesBelowN n, m <= (truncate (sqrt (fromInteger x)))]

Of course, I could do something like this:

primesBelowN :: Integer -> [Integer] primesBelowN n = 2:3:filter f [6*k+i | k <- [1..(n-1)`div`6], i <- [-1, 1]] where f x = foldr g True xs where g t ac = (x `rem` t /= 0) && ac xs = [ m | m <- primesBelowN (truncate (sqrt (fromInteger x)))]

However, this calls primesBelowN function with a new argument everytime. I suppose that is not optimal (correct me if I am wrong).

Point number 2: both fail. Grrh.

Any ideas how I could go recursive with this function?

Dushyant

On Thu, May 5, 2016 at 6:31 PM akash g wrote:

...

Hi Dushyant,

The problem most likely is [m | m <- [5,7..], m <= (truncate (sqrt (fromInteger x)))]

This is because, the filter condition (the last part) does a very simple thing: It filters out any element that does not fulfil the criteria. You are operating on a list that is monotonically increasing. However, the filter isn't aware of this property. Hence, this list comprehension never ends because it doesn't know that once the condition fails, it will always fail.

Thus, the solution would be to generate a finite set (or take a part of the infinite set using takeWhile or something like that), instead of using an infinite one.

Regards, G Akash.

On Thu, May 5, 2016 at 6:13 PM, Dushyant Juneja < juneja.dushyant@gmail.com> wrote:

...

Hi,

I seem to be landing into infinite recursion when using higher order functions with list comprehension. Take this for an example. The following works well, and gives answers for numbers like 2000000 as well:

primesBelowN :: Integer -> [Integer] primesBelowN n = 2:3:filter f [6*k+i | k <- [1..(n-1)`div`6], i <- [-1, 1]] where f x = foldr g True xs where g t ac = (x `rem` t /= 0) && ac xs = [5, 7..(truncate (sqrt (fromInteger x)))]

However, the following never returns anything for the same number, probably due to some kind of loop malfunction:

primesBelowN :: Integer -> [Integer] primesBelowN n = 2:3:filter f [6*k+i | k <- [1..(n-1)`div`6], i <- [-1, 1]] where f x = foldr g True xs where g t ac = (x `rem` t /= 0) && ac xs = [ m | m <- [5, 7, ..], m <= (truncate (sqrt (fromInteger x)))]

Any ideas what might be going wrong?

Thanks in advance!

DJ

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