Does it help if I bring your: (\x -> x+7) <$> (+3) => (+10) It doesn't magically become `(+10)`. The previous step unseen is `(+7) . (+3)`. fmap for ((->) r) is defined as function composition `.`. fmap f g = f . g You can think of functors as containers or contexts; both analogies work well up to some degree (with the latter maybe more abstract and thus flexible). Another small terminology tip that could help you with your thinkering might be to call ((->) r) a partially applied function. Suddently, it narrows how you can potentially use/combine them. Last tip, Monad ((->) r) is commonly refered to as the Reader monad. Example of how it'd be used: doThings = do a <- (*2) b <- (+10) return (a + b) Notice how we can work with partially applied functions to which something have yet to be applied and create a new partial function whose argument is going to fill all the open holes. This isn't easy to explain without looking at the types of everything, so I encourage you to write it down and work out the types (: Alex On Jun 4, 2016 12:41 AM, "Raja" wrote: Everyone agrees ((->) r) is a Functor, an Applicative and a Monad but I've never seen any good writeup going into details of explaining this. So I was trying to brainstorm with my brother and went pretty far into the concept for quite a few hours, but still got stuck when it came to Monads. Before I showcase the question/problem I wanted to share our thinking process. Lets stick with common types like Maybe a, [a], simple function (a -> b) **Everything is a Container** Just 4 => this is a container wrapping some value [1,2,3] => this is a container wrapping bunch of values (+3) => this is a container wrapping domains & ranges (infinite dictionary) **When is a Container a Functor** If we can peek inside a container and apply a simple function (a->b) to each of its values and wrap the result back inside the container, then it becomes a Functor. Let's use (\x -> x+7) as simple function along with above three Containers (\x -> x+7) <$> Just 4 => Just 11 (\x -> x+7) <$> [1,2,3] => [8,9,10] (\x -> x+7) <$> (+3) => (+10) -- well there is no Show defined but you get the idea **When is a Container an Applicative** The simple function from above is also now wrapped inside a container and we should be able to peek to use it just like functor. Also lets simplify (\x -> x+7) to (+7). Just (+7) <*> Just 4 => Just 11 [(+7)] <*> [1,2,3] => [8,9,10] (\x -> (+7)) <*> (+3) => (+10) -- again no Show defined but works when pass a number -- but (+7) still needs to be wrapped in a Container though **When is a Container a Monad** This time we don't have a simple function (a->b) instead we have a non-simple function (a -> Container). But rest stays almost the same. We have to first peek inside a container and apply non-simple function to each of its values. Since its a non-simple function we need to collect all the returned Containers, unwrap them and wrap them all back in a Container again. (it almost feels like unwrap and wrapping them back is going to complicate things) Also Non-simple function cannot be reused as is for all three Containers like in Functors & Applicatives. Just 4 >>= (\x -> Just (x+7)) => Just 11 [1,2,3] >>= (\x -> [x+7]) => [8,9,10] (+3) >>= (\x -> (+7)) => (+7) Wait a minute ... the last line doesn't look right. Or should I say it doesn't feel right to discard the `x' altogether. OK let's jump to do this: (+3) >>= (\x -> (+x)) => ??? -- apparently this solves for the equation: f(x) = 2x + 3 (is 2x + 3 obvious for anyone??? it took us way longer to derive it) (Does it have anything to do with Monad laws by any chance?) This is where it feels like "Functions as containers" concept starts to breakdown; its not the right analogy for Monads. What does it even mean to unwrap a bunch of functions and wrap them back again? Hope this intrigues some of you as it did to us. Any thoughts and comments greatly appreciated. Thanks, Raja _______________________________________________ Beginners mailing list Beginners@haskell.org http://mail.haskell.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/beginners