David and Kyle, Thank you both. I declared the types and added a 'fromIntegral' and got things working! On Thu, Aug 23, 2018 at 8:35 AM David McBride wrote:

Floating is the type class of types that are floating point. The two most common instances are Float and Double. Integral is the class of integer types. Most commonly Int and Integer.

stdDev :: (Floating a1, Floating a, Integral a1) =>

When you see a type like that it means type a1 is both a Floating and also an Integral. Intellectually that is impossible, but as far as ghc is concerned there could be a type that is an instance of both classes, so it allows it. But when you try to call it, there's no type in scope that you can affix to a1 to please it, so it will always error.

The reason it has both Floating and Integral on the same type is that you are using several functions on various arguments of your function that imply that the types of those arguments must be instances of various classes.

fromIntegral :: (Integral a, Num b) => a -> b sumOfMinusMeans :: (Eq t, Floating t) => Int -> t -> [[t]] -> t sqrt :: Floating a => a -> a -- (this function may not be a factor)

I strongly recommend you write out a type for stdDev, but fix a1 to a concrete type and then ghc can tell you why that type won't work. stdDev :: Int -> Int -> [Double] -> [[Double]] -> [Double]

• No instance for (Integral Double) arising from a use of ‘fromIntegral’

stdDev :: Int -> Int -> [Integer] -> [[Integer]] -> [Double]

• No instance for (Floating Integer) arising from a use of ‘sumOfMinusMeans’

And then think really hard about what types you want stdDev to accept. Rework its the definition until the compiler is happy. I suspect it is an extraneous fromIntegral.

On Thu, Aug 23, 2018 at 6:26 AM, Jack Vice wrote:

...

I am trying to calculate the standard deviation for each index in a list of lists of floats. Using Ubuntu 18.04, ghc 8.0.2. I am getting the following runtime error which I have googled and still don't understand what "Integral Float" is exactly or even which parameter is causing the trouble.

*Main> let z = stdDev 0 2 y x <interactive>:250:9: error: • Could not deduce (Integral Float) arising from a use of ‘stdDev’ from the context: Floating a bound by the inferred type of z :: Floating a => [a] at <interactive>:250:5-38 • In the expression: stdDev 0 (length (head (x))) y x In an equation for ‘z’: z = stdDev 0 (length (head (x))) y x

Code:

-- i is start index, l is length of each list, ms is list of means, -- xs is Matrix stdDev i l ms xs | i < l = sqrt(fromIntegral(sumOfMinusMeans i (ms!!i) xs) / fromIntegral(l)):(stdDev (i+1) l ms xs) | otherwise = []

--i is index, m is mean for the index sumOfMinusMeans i m (x:xs) | xs == [] = (x!!i - m)**2 | i < length x = (x!!i - m)**2 + (sumOfMinusMeans i m xs) | otherwise = 0

Types:

*Main> :t stdDev stdDev :: (Floating a1, Floating a, Integral a1) => Int -> Int -> [a1] -> [[a1]] -> [a]

*Main> :t sumOfMinusMeans sumOfMinusMeans :: (Eq t, Floating t) => Int -> t -> [[t]] -> t

Variables:

*Main> y [380.0,1.0] *Main> x [[600.0,1.0],[400.0,1.0],[170.0,1.0],[430.0,1.0],[300.0,1.0]]

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