I had an interaction on #haskell today which left me utterly confused but desiring to understand what happened. I was talking about a program in which I was using stacks of monad transformers, inspiration taken from the paper "Monad Transformers: Step by Step". So for example I wanted to combine state and error handling in a Monadic type called "Er". data ErState = ErState StdGen newtype Er a = Er { runEr :: ErrorT String (State ErState) a } deriving(Monad, MonadError String, MonadState ErState) Note that ErState holds a random generator. I had the idea to make a typeclass of monadic types that hold random generators because I'll be using them in other types all over my application. Something like class Monad m => RandomMonad m where getGen :: m StdGen putGen :: StdGen -> m () Then I can write functions like this: myRandoms :: (Random a, RandomMonad m) => m [a] myRandoms = do g <- getGen let (g1, g2) = split g values = randoms g1 putGen g2 return values So then mm_freak on #haskell noticed that I had written a function with a signature like process :: Int -> Er Int He said, no no no functions should be agnostic with regard to data structure. It should look something like process :: (RandomMonad m, MonadError m, MonadState m) => Int -> m Int He then said I don't want to put StateT and ErrorT in the same newtype declaration, so it would be something like newtype Er m a = Er { runEr :: StateT ErState m a } On this point I'm confused. I don't know how to get from a line like the above to eventually making a type that combines error handling and state. Furthermore I need to define instances for things like MonadError. He got me started with the line instance MonadError e m => MonadError e (Er m) where ... define throwError and catchError which I have no idea how to do ... So where we left it, I was confused and didn't understand anything. Rather than just getting the answers, I want to try to understand this, but I feel like I must need more background. This must be the kind of code that is in the monad transformer library. Is there a guide to understanding that somewhere? D