Thanks for your reply. Yes, I understand that if I specify the 'b' to 'Prelude.Bool', it should work, but what if I also want use the typeclass Conversion to convert other types other than MyBool, like MyInt, or MyString? --Ke On Thu, Mar 27, 2014 at 11:36 AM, Brandon Allbery wrote:

On Thu, Mar 27, 2014 at 11:28 AM, ke dou wrote:

...

class Conversion a where conversion :: a -> b

b is completely unspecified here, since it's not defined as part of the typeclass. The literal meaning of this is that "the caller can request any type it pleases, and you have no way of knowing what it is". So the only possible result of `conversion` is bottom (e.g. `undefined`).

This is key: it does NOT mean that `conversion` gets to specify the result type! You can't do that, except by specifying the type in the type signature.

-- brandon s allbery kf8nh sine nomine associates allbery.b@gmail.com ballbery@sinenomine.net unix, openafs, kerberos, infrastructure, xmonad http://sinenomine.net

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Thanks a lot! That really helps me understand the typeclass and solve my problem. Best, Ke On Thu, Mar 27, 2014 at 12:36 PM, Mateusz Kowalczyk

wrote:

On 27/03/14 15:49, ke dou wrote:

...

Thanks for your reply.

Yes, I understand that if I specify the 'b' to 'Prelude.Bool', it should work, but what if I also want use the typeclass Conversion to convert other types other than MyBool, like MyInt, or MyString?

--Ke

On Thu, Mar 27, 2014 at 11:36 AM, Brandon Allbery

...

On Thu, Mar 27, 2014 at 11:28 AM, ke dou wrote:

...

class Conversion a where conversion :: a -> b

b is completely unspecified here, since it's not defined as part of the typeclass. The literal meaning of this is that "the caller can request any type it pleases, and you have no way of knowing what it is". So the only possible result of `conversion` is bottom (e.g. `undefined`).

This is key: it does NOT mean that `conversion` gets to specify the result type! You can't do that, except by specifying the type in the type signature.

-- brandon s allbery kf8nh sine nomine associates allbery.b@gmail.com ballbery@sinenomine.net unix, openafs, kerberos, infrastructure, xmonad http://sinenomine.net

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This post is Literate Haskell.

You can specify which type you can coerce to by having the typeclass also specify ‘b’.

To have more than one type parameter, you'll need the MultiParamTypeClasses language extension. Ignore FunctionalDependencies for now.

...

{-# LANGUAGE FunctionalDependencies #-} {-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses #-} {-# LANGUAGE UnicodeSyntax #-} module C where

First we define our own Bool for demonstration purposes.

...

data MyBool = MyTrue | MyFalse

We define the class that also specifies ‘b’ as follows.

...

class SimpleCoercible a b where coerceSimple ∷ a → b

We can now achieve what you want: we can state that ‘a’ cana be coerced into ‘b’. Here we state that we can convert to Haskell's Bool.

...

instance SimpleCoercible MyBool Bool where coerceSimple MyTrue = True coerceSimple MyFalse = False

This works fine:

*C> coerceSimple MyTrue :: Bool True

Note that I had to say what output type I wanted here because I'm not using it in a context that GHC could use to infer it. Just because there's only a single instance does not matter as anyone could come around and add a new instance. In fact, let's define one more just to show that you can do it. Let's go with the old 0 is True and 1 is False.

...

instance SimpleCoercible MyBool Integer where coerceSimple MyTrue = 0 coerceSimple MyFalse = 1

As you can see below, it all works great:

*C> coerceSimple MyTrue :: Integer 0 *C> coerceSimple MyTrue :: Bool True

Now for something a bit out of scope of the question:

Now what if we wanted to only have a single possible mapping? Say, we only want MyBool to be coercible to Bool and nothing else? We can use FunctionalDependencies language extension. I recommend you look it up if you're interested, here's an example:

...

class CoercibleOneWay a b | a → b where coerceOneWay ∷ a → b

instance CoercibleOneWay MyBool Bool where coerceOneWay MyTrue = True coerceOneWay MyFalse = False

You might wonder if there's an advantage to doing such a thing. Well, yes, GHC now always knows what the output type (b) should be just by looking by the input type (a):

*C> :t coerceOneWay MyTrue coerceOneWay MyTrue :: Bool

Note that this is not the case with our previous definition! GHC doesn't know exactly which ‘b’ we want:

*C> :t coerceSimple MyTrue coerceSimple MyTrue :: SimpleCoercible MyBool b => b

Can we do more than this? What if we wanted to be able to coerce the types the other way too? We could write an instance for “CoercibleOneWay Bool MyBool | b → a” but that's unwieldy. We can instead have a single type class which can take us both ways:

...

class Coercible a b | a → b, b → a where coerceTo ∷ a → b coerceFrom ∷ b → a

instance Coercible MyBool Bool where coerceTo MyTrue = True coerceTo MyFalse = False

coerceFrom True = MyTrue coerceFrom False = MyFalse

This now lets us convert between MyBool and Bool freely:

*C> :t coerceTo MyTrue coerceTo MyTrue :: Bool *C> :t coerceFrom True coerceFrom True :: MyBool

With this you can model 1-to-1 mapping between your types and built-in types.

Note that another approach would simply be to add an instance for “CoercibleOneWay Bool MyBool”. A nice thing about this approach is that you can use the overloaded function name:

...

instance CoercibleOneWay Bool MyBool where coerceOneWay True = MyTrue coerceOneWay False = MyFalse

*C> :t coerceOneWay True coerceOneWay True :: MyBool *C> :t coerceOneWay MyTrue coerceOneWay MyTrue :: Bool

I think it's a matter of preference as to which way you go.

-- Mateusz K. _______________________________________________ Beginners mailing list Beginners@haskell.org http://www.haskell.org/mailman/listinfo/beginners