Hi, Something Haskell has lacked for a long time is a good medium-duty linear system solver based on the LU decomposition. There are bindings to the usual C/Fortran libraries, but not one in pure Haskell. (An example "LU factorization" routine that does not do partial pivoting has been around for years, but lacking pivoting it can fail unexpectedly on well-conditioned inputs. Another Haskell LU decomposition using partial pivoting is around, but it uses an inefficient representation of the pivot matrix, so it's not suited to solving systems of more than 100 x 100, say.) By medium duty I mean a linear system solver that can handle systems of (1000s) x (1000s) and uses Crout's efficient in-place algorithm. In short, a program does everything short of exploiting SIMD vector instructions for solving small subproblems. Instead of complaining about this, I have written a little library that implements this. It contains an LU factorization function and an LU system solver. The LU factorization also returns the parity of the pivots ( = (-1)^(number of row swaps) ) so it can be used to calculate determinants. I used Gustavson's recursive (imperative) version of Crout's method. The implementation is quite simple and deserves to be better known by people using functional languages to do numeric work. The library can be downloaded from GitHub: https://github.com/gwright83/luSolve The performance scales as expected (as n^3, a linear system 10 times larger in each dimension takes a 1000 times longer to solve): Benchmark luSolve-bench: RUNNING... benchmarking LUSolve/luFactor 100 x 100 matrix time 1.944 ms (1.920 ms .. 1.980 ms) 0.996 R² (0.994 R² .. 0.998 R²) mean 1.981 ms (1.958 ms .. 2.009 ms) std dev 85.64 μs (70.21 μs .. 107.7 μs) variance introduced by outliers: 30% (moderately inflated) benchmarking LUSolve/luFactor 500 x 500 matrix time 204.3 ms (198.1 ms .. 208.2 ms) 1.000 R² (0.999 R² .. 1.000 R²) mean 203.3 ms (201.2 ms .. 206.2 ms) std dev 3.619 ms (2.307 ms .. 6.231 ms) variance introduced by outliers: 14% (moderately inflated) benchmarking LUSolve/luFactor 1000 x 1000 matrix time 1.940 s (1.685 s .. 2.139 s) 0.998 R² (0.993 R² .. 1.000 R²) mean 1.826 s (1.696 s .. 1.880 s) std dev 93.63 ms (5.802 ms .. 117.8 ms) variance introduced by outliers: 19% (moderately inflated) Benchmark luSolve-bench: FINISH The puzzle is why the overall performance is so poor. When I solve random 1000 x 1000 systems using the linsys.c example file from the Recursive LAPACK (ReLAPACK) library -- which implements the same algorithm -- the average time is only 26 ms. (I have tweaked ReLAPACK's dgetrf.c so that it doesn't use optimized routines for small matrices. As near as I can make it, the C and haskell versions should be doing the same thing.) The haskell version runs 75 times slower. This is the puzzle. My haskell version uses a mutable, matrix of unboxed doubles (from Kai Zhang's matrices https://hackage.haskell.org/package/matrices library). Matrix reads and writes are unsafe, so there is no overhead from bounds checking. Let's look at the result of profiling: Tue Jul 31 21:07 2018 Time and Allocation Profiling Report (Final) luSolve-hspec +RTS -N -p -RTS total time = 7665.31 secs (7665309 ticks @ 1000 us, 1 processor) total alloc = 10,343,030,811,040 bytes (excludes profiling overheads) COST CENTRE MODULE SRC %time %alloc unsafeWrite Data.Matrix.Dense.Generic.Mutable src/Data/Matrix/Dense/Generic/Mutable.hs:(38,5)-(39,38) 17.7 29.4 basicUnsafeWrite Data.Vector.Primitive.Mutable Data/Vector/Primitive/Mutable.hs:115:3-69 14.7 13.0 unsafeRead Data.Matrix.Dense.Generic.Mutable src/Data/Matrix/Dense/Generic/Mutable.hs:(34,5)-(35,38) 14.2 20.7 matrixMultiply.\.\.\ Numeric.LinearAlgebra.LUSolve src/Numeric/LinearAlgebra/LUSolve.hs:(245,54)-(249,86) 13.4 13.5 readByteArray# Data.Primitive.Types Data/Primitive/Types.hs:184:30-132 9.0 15.5 basicUnsafeRead Data.Vector.Primitive.Mutable Data/Vector/Primitive/Mutable.hs:112:3-63 8.8 0.1 triangularSolve.\.\.\ Numeric.LinearAlgebra.LUSolve src/Numeric/LinearAlgebra/LUSolve.hs:(382,45)-(386,58) 5.2 4.5 matrixMultiply.\.\ Numeric.LinearAlgebra.LUSolve src/Numeric/LinearAlgebra/LUSolve.hs:(244,54)-(249,86) 4.1 0.3 primitive Control.Monad.Primitive Control/Monad/Primitive.hs:152:3-16 3.8 0.0 basicUnsafeRead Data.Vector.Unboxed.Base Data/Vector/Unboxed/Base.hs:278:813-868 3.3 0.0 basicUnsafeWrite Data.Vector.Unboxed.Base Data/Vector/Unboxed/Base.hs:278:872-933 1.5 0.0 triangularSolve.\.\ Numeric.LinearAlgebra.LUSolve src/Numeric/LinearAlgebra/LUSolve.hs:(376,33)-(386,58) 1.3 0.1 <snip> A large amount of time is spent on the invocations of unsafeRead and unsafeWrite. This is a bit suspicious -- it looks as if these call may not be inlined. In the Data.Vector.Unboxed.Mutable library, which provides the underlying linear vector of storage locations, the unsafeRead and unsafeWrite functions are declared INLINE. Could this be a failure of the 'matrices' library to mark its unsafeRead/Write functions as INLINE or SPECIALIZABLE as well? On the other hand, looking at the core (.dump-simpl) of the library doesn't show any dictionary passing, and the access to matrix seem to be through GHC.Prim.writeDoubleArray# and GHC.Prim.readDoubleArray#. If this program took three to five times longer, I would not be concerned, but a factor of seventy five indicates that I've missed something important. Can anyone tell me what it is? Best Wishes, Greg