Using field selectors in a type constructor

13 Oct 2003

      I've run across a minor coding niggle on a couple opf accosions when using 
a type constructor with field selectors.  The full code of my test case is 
below.  The value 'test2' evaluates to True.

The function that niggles me is this:

[[
joinVarBindings :: (Eq a) => VarBinding a b -> VarBinding a b -> VarBinding a b
joinVarBindings vb1 vb2
     | vbNull vb1 = vb2
     | vbNull vb2 = vb1
     | otherwise  = VarBinding
         { vbMap  = mv12
         , vbEnum = map (\v -> (v,fromJust (mv12 v))) $
                    boundVars vb1 `union` boundVars vb2
         , vbNull = False
         }
     where
         mv12 = headOrNothing . filter isJust . flist [ vbMap vb1, vbMap vb2 ]
]]

Is it really necessary to define mv12 as a separate "where" clause here?

What I'd really like to do is assign it to field vbMap, and reference that
from the definition of vbEnum, but I can't figure out if there's a way
to do so.  Writing this:
[[
joinVarBindings vb1 vb2
     | vbNull vb1 = vb2
     | vbNull vb2 = vb1
     | otherwise  = VarBinding
         { vbMap  = head . filter isJust . flist [ vbMap vb1, vbMap vb2 ]
         , vbEnum = map (\v -> (v,fromJust (vbMap v))) $
--                             error here  ^^^^^^^
                    boundVars vb1 `union` boundVars vb2
         , vbNull = False
         }
]]
Results in a fairly obvious type error:  I'd need to have a way to say that
vbMap is applied to the value under construction.  Experience with Java would
suggest maybe something like this:
[[
         , vbEnum = map (\v -> (v,fromJust (vbMap this v))) $
]]
but of course Haskell isn't Java.

Does Haskell provide a way to do this, other than the use of a 'where' 
clause to factor out the common subexpression, as in my working code?

#g
--

-- spike-constructorfields.hs
import Maybe ( isJust, fromJust )
import List  ( union, find )

-- |VarBinding is the type of an arbitrary variable bindings
--  value, where the type of the bound values is not specified.
data VarBinding a b = VarBinding
     { vbMap  :: a -> Maybe b
     , vbEnum :: [(a,b)]
     , vbNull :: Bool
     }

-- |nullVarBinding:  maps no query variables.
nullVarBinding :: VarBinding a b
nullVarBinding = VarBinding
     { vbMap  = const Nothing
     , vbEnum = []
     , vbNull = True
     }

-- |Return a list of the variables bound by a supplied variable binding
boundVars :: VarBinding a b -> [a]
boundVars = map fst . vbEnum

-- |Join a pair of query bindings, returning a new binding that
--  maps all variables recognized by either of the input bindings.
--  If the bindings should overlap, such overlap is not detected and
--  the value from the first binding provided is used arbitrarily.
joinVarBindings :: (Eq a) => VarBinding a b -> VarBinding a b -> VarBinding a b
joinVarBindings vb1 vb2
     | vbNull vb1 = vb2
     | vbNull vb2 = vb1
     | otherwise  = VarBinding
         { vbMap  = mv12
         , vbEnum = map (\v -> (v,fromJust (mv12 v))) $
                    boundVars vb1 `union` boundVars vb2
         , vbNull = False
         }
     where
         mv12 = headOrNothing . filter isJust . flist [ vbMap vb1, vbMap vb2 ]

flist fs a = map ($ a) fs       -- see also monad function 'ap'

headOrNothing :: [Maybe a] -> Maybe a
headOrNothing []    = Nothing
headOrNothing (a:_) = a

{- NOT this:
-- |Join a pair of query bindings, returning a new binding that
--  maps all variables recognized by either of the input bindings.
--  If the bindings should overlap, such overlap is not detected and
--  the value from the first binding provided is used arbitrarily.
joinVarBindings :: (Eq a) => VarBinding a b -> VarBinding a b -> VarBinding a b
joinVarBindings vb1 vb2
     | vbNull vb1 = vb2
     | vbNull vb2 = vb1
     | otherwise  = VarBinding
         { vbMap  = head . filter isJust . flist [ vbMap vb1, vbMap vb2 ]
         , vbEnum = map (\v -> (v,fromJust (vbMap v))) $
                    boundVars vb1 `union` boundVars vb2
         , vbNull = False
         }
-}

-- |Function to make a variable binding from a list of
--  pairs of variable and corresponding assigned value.
makeVarBinding :: (Eq a, Show a, Eq b, Show b) => [(a,b)] -> VarBinding a b
makeVarBinding vrbs =
     if null vrbs then nullVarBinding
     else VarBinding
         { vbMap  = selectFrom vrbs
         , vbEnum = vrbs
         , vbNull = null vrbs
         }
     where
         --  selectFrom bs is the VarBinding lookup function
         selectFrom :: (Eq a) => [(a,b)] -> a -> Maybe b
         selectFrom []         _ = Nothing
         selectFrom ((v,r):bs) l = if l == v then Just r
                                     else selectFrom bs l

vb1 :: VarBinding Int String
vb1    = makeVarBinding [(1,"a"),(2,"b"),(3,"c")]

vb2 :: VarBinding Int String
vb2 = makeVarBinding [(3,"cc"),(4,"dd"),(5,"ee")]

vb12 = joinVarBindings vb1 vb2

test1 = vbEnum $ vb12
test2 = test1 == [(1,"a"),(2,"b"),(3,"c"),(4,"dd"),(5,"ee")]
test3 = [test31,test32,test33,test34]
test31 = vbMap vb12 1 -- Just "a"
test32 = vbMap vb12 3 -- Just "c"
test33 = vbMap vb12 5 -- Just "ee"
test34 = vbMap vb12 0 -- Nothing

------------
Graham Klyne
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