Malcolm Wallace
Is there some reason haskell binaries have to be statically linked?
It would not be entirely fair to lay all the blame for large Haskell binaries entirely at the door of static vs. dynamic linking.
Well, considering that compiling the C binary statically linked produces an even bigger executable: $ gcc -static hello.c -o hello_c $ ls -l hello_c hello_hs -rwxrwxr-x 1 jcast jcast 441624 Jul 23 20:56 hello_c -rwxrwxr-x 1 jcast jcast 157028 Jul 18 14:08 hello_hs I think dynamic linking is fair game :)
After all, the Haskell version is dynamically linked against exactly the same shared libraries as the C version, at least on my machine:
ldd Hello (Hello.hs) libm.so.6 => /lib/libm.so.6 (0x40022000) libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40044000) /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)
Of course, it is static linking against the *Haskell* runtime system, Prelude and Libraries that is the cause of binary bloat. Quite simply, lots of extra stuff is dragged in that isn't visible in the apparently simple source program. For instance, I can find all the following symbols in the binary for "hello world" (compiled with nhc98):
putStr, shows, showChar, showParen, showString, fromCString, toCString, hGetFileName, hPutChar, hPutStr, error, flip, id, init, length, not, putChar, putStrLn, seq, show, subtract, exitWith, instance Bounded Int (maxBound, minBound), instance Enum Ordering (succ, pred, toEnum, fromEnum, enumFrom, enumFromThen, enumFromTo, enumFromThenTo), instance Enum ErrNo (succ, pred, toEnum, fromEnum, enumFrom, enumFromThen, enumFromTo, enumFromThenTo), instance Monad IO (>>=, >>, return, fail), instance Eq ErrNo (==, /=), instance Eq Int (==, /=), instance Eq Ordering (==, /=), instance Num Int (+, -, *, negate, abs, signum, fromInteger), instance Ord Int (compare, <, <=, >=, >, max, min), instance Show ErrNo (show, showsPrec, showList), instance Show IOError (show, showsPrec, showList), instance Show Int (show, showsPrec, showList)
Well, look at the symbols I find in the statically linked C hello world: _Exit _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ _IO_2_1_stderr_ _IO_2_1_stdin_ _IO_2_1_stdout_ _IO_adjust_column _IO_adjust_wcolumn _IO_cleanup _IO_default_doallocate _IO_default_finish _IO_default_imbue _IO_default_pbackfail _IO_default_read _IO_default_seek _IO_default_seekoff _IO_default_seekpos _IO_default_setbuf _IO_default_showmanyc _IO_default_stat _IO_default_sync _IO_default_uflow _IO_default_underflow _IO_default_write _IO_default_xsgetn _IO_default_xsputn _IO_do_write _IO_doallocbuf _IO_fclose _IO_file_attach _IO_file_close _IO_file_close_it _IO_file_doallocate _IO_file_finish _IO_file_fopen _IO_file_init _IO_file_jumps _IO_file_open _IO_file_overflow _IO_file_read _IO_file_seek _IO_file_seekoff _IO_file_setbuf _IO_file_stat _IO_file_sync _IO_file_underflow _IO_file_write _IO_file_xsgetn _IO_file_xsputn _IO_flockfile _IO_flush_all _IO_flush_all_linebuffered _IO_flush_all_lockp _IO_fopen _IO_fprintf _IO_free_backup_area 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save_malloc_hook sbrk sbrk_base search_tree setenv setitimer setlocale setmntent sigaction sigfillset siglongjmp sigprocmask sscanf stage state state state state stderr stdin stdout step0_jumps.1 step1_jumps.2 step2_jumps.3 step3a_jumps.4 step3b_jumps.5 step4_jumps.6 step4_jumps.7 stpcpy strcasecmp strchr strchrnul strcmp strcpy strdup strerror_r string_space string_space_act string_space_max strncasecmp strncmp strndup strnlen strpbrk strrchr strsep strstr strtod strtof strtol strtold strtoll strtoq strtoul strtoull strtouq sys_errlist sys_nerr sysconf system_dirs system_dirs_len tcgetattr tdelete tdestroy tdestroy_recurse textsize tfind timelocal timezone to_mb to_wc top_check top_pad tos trans_compare transcmp transitions translit_from_idx translit_from_tbl translit_to_idx translit_to_tbl transmem_list trecurse trim_threshold tsearch twalk type_idxs types tz_rules tzname tzset tzset_internal tzset_lock tzstring_list uname undefined_msg unsecure_envvars.0 unsetenv using_malloc_checking valloc vfprintf vfscanf vsscanf walt_digits walt_digits_initialized wcrtomb wcschr wcslen wcsnlen wcsrtombs wmemcpy wmemmove wmempcpy write writev yycheck yydefact yydefgoto yypact yypgoto yyr1 yyr2 yytable yytranslate zeroes zeroes zone_names The point is, /both/ libraries have a lot of code re-use. Dynamic linking puts that code re-use in some random .so in $foo/lib; static linking puts it in your executable. That's the major difference. (The minor difference is that most Haskell implementations use libc more than most C implementations use the Haskell standard libraries.)
This is not the fault of any particular implementation - the ghc-built binary has a similar collection - rather it is dictated by the nature of the language and its standard libraries. Because Prelude functions are small and re-usable, they do get used all over the place in the implementation of other parts of the Prelude, so you end up with a huge dependency graph hiding underneath the simplest of calls.
You mean like printf("Hello, world!\n")?
In fact, most of the extra stuff in "Hello World" is there purely to handle all possible error conditions in the I/O monad.
You mean as opposed to C, where most of the extra stuff is there purely to support number formatting?
Several years ago, Colin Runciman and I did the experiment of removing all the nice error-handling stuff from the prelude (and eliminating a few classes too I think), to see just how small we could squash "Hello World". The idea was to target embedded systems where memory is a scarce resource, and fancy error-reporting is pointless (a single red LED would do). IIRC, we managed to achieve a size of 25kb, compiled with nhc98, which don't forget includes a bytecode interpreter in the runtime system.
Regards, Malcolm
To sum up: code re-use within a library certainly happens in more languages than just Haskell :) So don't blame code re-use for Haskell-specific (or non-specific) problems, because code re-use is not a Haskell-specific cause. Jon Cast