I am reading "Monads for functional programming" from http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/wadler/topics/monads.html, which is IMO the best explanation of monad I have seen so far. What I would like to know is, what if I need more than one of them at the same time. Using the example given in the paper, it is quite comment that one would need exception handling, state management and output all at the same time. In an imperative language, one can do all three at the same time in the normal flow like wrapping a try/catch block, make some state changes to a global variable and make some io calls. How would one do it in a monadic way ? As my understanding of Monad is that it is something like a "wrapper/container" where the side-effect is kept. One way of doing it is of course expand it to include all three side effects. But this is unmanageable and it is no different than the non-monadic version mentioned in the paper. Another way I can see is to "wrap" one monad with another and so on. But this can also get complicated as what if I have 10 type of monads that can be permutated in various way. ______________________________________________________ Click here to donate to the Hurricane Katrina relief effort. http://store.yahoo.com/redcross-donate3/