So, I'm having to calculate 'n choose k' an awful lot. At the moment I've got this: comb :: Integer -> Integer -> Integer comb m 0 = 1 comb m n = (numerator(toRational (fact m) / toRational (fact n * fact (m-n)))) where fact is a memoized factorial function. It's not perfectly memoized, though; I use lists, since that's easier by default. They should be arrays, and possibly just changing that would speed comb up a lot. (Comb is currently 40% of runtime, fact is 23%.) But I think it should be possible to speed up comb itself, too. comb is only called from here: sumbn n = sum [ bernoulli i * fromIntegral(comb (n+1) i) | i <- [0 .. n-1] ] Here was one try: fcomb :: Integer -> Integer -> Integer fcomb m 0 = 1 fcomb m n = res where res = last * (m-n+1) `div` n last = res except, obviously, this doesn't work. I hope it's clear what I'm trying to do, or what I would be in a more imperative language -- in C I'd probably have some static variable in fcomb. I figure monads are needed, but I've been unable to figure them out enough to apply them here. Will the monadism propagate all the way up and require changing lots of function types? Bleah. I'm using ghc, can I sneak some mutable in here instead? Any advice? Also on using arrays, where my parameters come off the command line. I imagine in C++ I'd just precompute a bunch of tables and then just use those values in the actual algorithm. Thanks! -xx- Damien X-) (if you're curious, this is for a class, but not a class on using Haskell. I chose to use Haskell for this assignment after ghc -O, to my surprise, outperformed ocaml. I suspect GMP deserves the real credit, but hey.)