Hello all, I have a Logger which produces log entries and a new version of itself newtype Logger evt dom log = Lgr {runLogger :: Timed evt -> dom -> (log, Logger evt dom log)} Loggers are used in a function like this runSim :: (Ord evt, Monoid log) => SimBehaviour evt dom log -> SimState evt dom log -> SimState evt dom log runSim (!lgr, !hdr, xtp) (!log,!dom,!evq) = case step of Nothing -> (log, dom, evq) -- end of simulation Just (newEvq, newDom, newHdr, newLgr, newLog) -> runSim (newLgr,newHdr,xtp) (newLog,newDom,newEvq) where -- check for end conditions or run handler step = do (evt, evts) <- H.view evq -- no more Events -> Nothing if xtp (evt,dom) then Nothing else let (evq', dom', hdr') = runHandler hdr evt dom (log',lgr') = runLogger lgr evt dom' -- <-- -- append new event and new log entries in return (evq'<>evts, dom', hdr', lgr', log'<>log) -- <-- I then wrote a function to combine two Loggers addLgr (lgr1) (lgr2) = Lgr lgr where lgr tev dom = let (log1', lgr1') = runLogger lgr1 tev dom (log2', lgr2') = runLogger lgr2 tev dom (!log') = log2' <> log1' -- x -- -- in (log2', addLgr lgr1' lgr2') in (log', addLgr lgr1' lgr2') When called a million times, this produces a heap profile which climbs steadily (with or without the stricness annotation in line x). When I omit the (<>) as in the commented line, the heap stays flat. My log is really just a list of strings and most of the time the loggers do not produce any output, i.e. they return an empty list. Am I on the right track, that this trouble is probably caused by laziness and that forcing strictness is the way to go? Could it be that this is because ! does not fully evaluate its argument, but just to WHNF? Or is there a more obvious reason, I just fail to see. Where to go from here?