Hi Richard, Thanks for asking!  Yes, I'm making forward progress.  The feedback is appreciated, as I am not always sure which things I am struggling with are silly questions and which ones are hard questions. Here is my understanding so far -- please chime in if anything is obviously wrong here: I. So, an AbsBinds contains a collection of bindings that could be mutually recursive.  It has constraints "theta" and quantifies over type variables "qtvs" [1].  It also contains "evidence bindings" that explain how to construct dictionaries that are needed from dictionary arguments. An AbsBinds can contain multiple bindings, for example if we have two mutually recursive functions with no type signatures. However, a recursive group can be split into multiple separate AbsBinds if type signatures allow breaking some of the dependencies.  Each binding inside the AbsBinds has a type "monotype" (from tcMonoBinds) before we generalize. Then, for each binding, we end up with two different types: 1. The more quantified type for each binder     forall qtvs. theta => monotype This is what we get if we include ALL the type variables and ALL the predicates that will end up in the AbsBinds. 2. The actual type for each binder, that includes only SOME of the type variables and SOME of the predicates. This is given either by 2a: an explicit type signature 2b: selecting some of the type variables some_qtvs and predicates some_predicates in chooseInferredQuantifiers.  We'd end up with     forall some_qtvs. some_predicates => monotype For example, if we have (f,g) = (\x->x, \y->y+2), then we don't want     f :: forall a b.Num b => a -> a we just want     f :: a -> a The first type is the more quantified type, and the second type is the actual type. Then, in order to handle the difference between these two types, we call `tcSubTypeSigma actual_type more_quantified_type`, which (i) checks to see that we can get `actual_type` out of `more_quantified_type` by constraining it somehow. (i) returns an HsWrapper that, does the actually constraining. It may (I think) eliminate predicates by defaulting, and it can eliminate types by substituting an ANY type, at least sometimes. This wrapper is stored inside abe_wrap field of ABE objects, inside the abs_exports field of the AbsBinds. II. I am still not completely sure how the wrapper is actually applied in code generation, or how the wrapper is computed from the two types.  But, I'm not quite done reading yet. For example, in the case above, suppose that `tuple` represents all combined binders inside the AbsBinds, and is quantified by ALL the type variables and ALL the (given) dictionaries.  One approach would be something like: tuple = /\a./\b.\(dNum :: Num b). let ...CODE... in (f,g) f' = /\a./\b.\(dNum :: b). case (tuple @a @b dNum) of f f = /\a. f' @a @ANY dNum = apply wrapper to f' ? In that approach, then we would FIRST extract an "f'" from the tuple without applying any wrapper.  Then, SECOND, we would SECOND apply the wrapper to f' to get f. III. I am also still working through tcMonoBinds.  I'm curious what happens in a pattern binding, when the pattern has a type signature with predicates: f:: forall a.Num a -> a->a->a (f,g) = ...rhs... It looks like the type signature for gets instantiated on the LHS, and.... I presume the predicate Num a is added to the local instance environment, just like if f was instantiated on the RHS?   I will think about this more... Anyway, thanks for the encouragement.  I am not stuck, yet... All this does make me think that, perhaps, some kind of updated version of Typing Haskell in Haskell would be appropriate.  I'm not sure how much of this is in the Report, either. -BenRI [1] Determined in tcPolyInfer by calling simpliferInfer On 2/15/22 4:49 PM, Richard Eisenberg wrote:

Some time has passed. Have you made forward progress?

The truth is that the particular case you describe would make me, too, stare hard at the code. (This is why I have been slow to respond!)

One thing I can say is that I do not think HsWrappers are much implicated. They are involved with instantiation of type variables and of dictionaries (among other fun things). Instead, look for a construct called AbsBinds, which is heavily implicated here.

You seem to be doing interesting work -- please don't let yourself get stuck. Keeping asking for answers if you need them! :)

Richard

...

On Feb 7, 2022, at 8:21 PM, Benjamin Redelings wrote:

So... I suspect that the best way forwards is just to read GHC/TC/Gen/Bind.hs and make notes on all the functions.  That is what I am doing.

-BenRI

On 1/31/22 2:50 PM, Benjamin Redelings wrote:

...

Hi,

I am trying to understand (and implement) how Haskell handles explicit type signatures. Specifically, I'm trying to understand how explicit type signatures interact with wrappers.

1. Is there any paper or documentation that explains wrappers and/or explicit type signatures in detail?  There are some non-obvious details regarding wrappers, such as using eliminating type arguments by supplying the Any type as an argument...

2. Do explicit type signatures impose any unification constraints, or can they be thought of entirely in terms of wrappers?

For example, if we have

g :: Int -> Int (f,g) = (\x ->x, f)

then the signature for g is added to the environment when typing the right-hand-side.

One way that this could be handled is:

(i) typecheck rhs -> rhs_type

(ii) generate type of lhs with fresh variables for every binder -> lhs_type = (a,b)

(iii) unify(lhs_type, rhs_type)

(iv) do one-way unification: match(inferred-type-of-g, explicit-type-for-g)

Is this correct?  Step (iv), the way that I have written it, would impose unification constraints.

Without considering the type signature, we would have

{ f_mono :: a -> a, g_mono :: a -> a}

If we just use wrappers to impose the explict type, it seems like we would get something like

let tup = /\a.let {(f:a,g:a) = (\x:a -> x:a, f::a->a) f = /\a.case tup a of (f,g) -> f g = case tup @Int of (f,g) -> g

where f :: forall a.a ->a and g :: Int -> Int.

THIH seems to imply that type signatures are merely checked: no unification constraints are imposed (I think).  However, ghc reports f :: Int -> Int.

I apologize if this is a dumb question.  I have found the definition of HsWrapper in ghc/compiler/GHC/Tc/Types/Evidence.hs, but I am still struggling a bit.

thanks!

-BenRI

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