Hello list The Monad and Applicative instances for functions are "equivalent" to the respective Reader vesions (I use "equivalent" along the lines of - operationally the same but without the type distinction / newtype). There is also the Monoid instance for functions which is pretty slick. Has anyone looked at variations with two or more static arguments though? For example mappend with two static arguments needs to be defined either as a new function:

mappendR2 :: Monoid a => (r1 -> r2 -> a) -> (r1 -> r2 -> a) -> r1 -> r2 -> a mappendR2 f g = \x y -> f x y `mappend` g x y

or an overlapping instance:

instance Monoid a => OPlus (r1 -> r2 -> a) where f `mappend` g = \x y -> f x y `mappend` g x y

Working in graphics I've found two static arguments comes up quite often - preliminarily most of my functions are functions from the DrawingContext to something (drawing context is an environment that tracks line width, stroke colour, fill colour, etc.): fn1 :: DrawingCtx -> a Many of my functions statically use a 'start' point as the only coordinate reference, so they are in a "coordinate free" style: fn2 :: Point -> DrawingCtx -> a Some functions even have have a third static argument, for example drawing arrowheads for lines seems nice if the angle of the line is parametric and not used explicitly: fn3 :: Radian -> Point -> DrawingCtx -> a The help from Applicative, Monad and Monoid is "used up" by the one static argument version, so I find that I have to introduce points (in the pointed / point-free sense not in the graphic sense) in the fn2 and fn3 versions where a point-free version might still be nice. Is there any prior work looking at sets of combinators for these higher arity functions - papers or code? I'd prefer not to introduce a whole new lexicon of combinator names if I can help it. Thanks Stephen