You've been asking a lot of very tutorial-ish questions on this list. Although this isn't necessarily a *bad* thing, you may receive responses more appropriate to your skill level on the haskell-beginners list < http://www.haskell.org/mailman/listinfo/beginners >. I don't own the Bird book, but while reading your problem the type "f :: (a, b) -> c" is throwing off huge warning signs. What sensible implementation could such a function have? The only way I can think of to implement it is "f (_, _) = undefined". Assuming this signature is somehow valid, your reasoning for the left side of the equation "flip (curry f)" is correct. It's a bit verbose, but you'll learn to see the types better as you become more experienced. However, your reasoning for the right side is incorrect. First, lets look at the equalities again: flip (curry f) :: b -> a -> c flip (curry f) = curry (f . swap) curry (f . swap) :: b -> a -> c The first step is to remove the "curry". Since (curry :: ((a, b) -> c) -> a -> b -> c), there's only one possible type signature for (f . swap): f . swap :: (b, a) -> c The types for (.) and f are known already. There's only one reasonable definition for (.), so we can reason that: (.) f g x = f (g x) f . swap :: (b, a) -> c f . swap = \x -> f (swap x)

From this, it should be possible to derive the type of "swap" easily. Good luck.

2010/5/19 R J :

Bird problem 1.6.2 is: If f :: (a, b) -> c, then define a function "swap" such that: flip (curry f) = curry (f . swap). I'd very much appreciate if someone could tell me whether there's a rigorous solution simpler than mine, which is: Since (.) :: (q -> r) -> (p -> q) -> (p -> r), we have f :: q -> r and swap :: p -> q.  Type unification of f requires q = (a, b) and r = c. Since f :: (a, b) -> c and curry :: ((l, m) -> n) -> (l -> m -> n), type unification requires l = a, b = m, and n = c.  Therefore, curry :: ((a, b) -> c) -> (a -> b -> c), and (curry f) :: a -> b -> c. Since flip :: (s -> t -> u) -> t -> s -> u, type unification requires s = a, t = b, and u = c.  Therefore, flip :: (a -> b -> c) -> b -> a -> c, and flip (curry f) :: b -> a -> c. Therefore, curry (f . swap) ::  b -> a -> c, and p :: b -> a.  Therefore, swap :: b -> a -> (a, b), and:

swap                       :: b -> a -> (a, b) swap x y                   =  (y, x)

________________________________ Hotmail has tools for the New Busy. Search, chat and e-mail from your inbox. Learn more. _______________________________________________ Haskell-Cafe mailing list Haskell-Cafe@haskell.org http://www.haskell.org/mailman/listinfo/haskell-cafe