At 2001-07-31 14:17, Mark Carroll wrote:

Now, "show x" will work, and "show y" won't. How can I write things so that I can show both x and y? I don't seem to be able to write, say,

instance Show a => Show (Tree a) where show (Branch datum left right) = show left ++ " <- " ++ show datum ++ " -> " ++ show right

instance Show (Tree a) where show Leaf = "*"

These two instances overlap. You want one instance, with both Branch and Leaf alternatives in the 'show' function.

or, perhaps,

instance Show (Tree a) where Show a => show (Branch datum left right) = show left ++ " <- " ++ show datum ++ " -> " ++ show right show Leaf = "*"

Close, but you're making a promise (that 'Tree a' is Show for _any_ 'a') that you can't fulfill. Attempting to restrict the type of 'a' while defining the function is bogus, the 'a' symbol simply isn't in scope at that point. Clearly the type 'Tree a' is only Show if 'a' is. It's irrelevant that the 'Leaf' part of the definition doesn't need 'a' to be Show: the 'Branch' part does, so the type has to be restricted to 'Show a => Tree a' if it is going to be Show. So you want this: instance Show a => Show (Tree a) where ... -- Ashley Yakeley, Seattle WA