Dear all, I am pleased to announce version 0.6 of the Dimensional library. Dimensional is a library providing data types for performing arithmetic with physical quantities and units. Information about the physical dimensions of the quantities/units is embedded in their types and the validity of operations is verified by the type checker at compile time. The boxing and unboxing of numerical values as quantities is done by multiplication and division with units. The library is designed to, as far as is practical, enforce/encourage best practices [1] of unit usage. Noteworthy changes/additions since the previous formal announcement (version 0.4) are: - All quantities and SI units from [1] have been added. - A Prelude replacement with the SI units and dimensional operators (+, *, ^...) is provided for convenience. - Interface to Data.Time using 'fromDiffTime' and 'toDiffTime'. - Phantom type tags make extended dimensions safer. - Experimental CGS units with type safe conversions to/from SI. See appended literate Haskell module for details. Additional information and code is available from the project web site [3]. Thank you, Bjorn Buckwalter [1] http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/ [2] http://www.haskell.org/pipermail/haskell/2007-May/019496.html [3] http://code.google.com/p/dimensional/ ~~~~~~~~~~ BEGIN 'Buckwalter/Dimensional/CGS.lhs' ~~~~~~~~~~ Buckwalter.Dimensional.CGS -- CGS system of units Bjorn Buckwalter, bjorn.buckwalter@gmail.com License: BSD3 *** EXPERIMENTAL *** = Introduction = This module was prompted by an email from Chuck Blake[1]. He asked if the Dimensional library could support other systems of units than SI, in particular systems such as the centimeter-gram-second (CGS) system where fractional exponents of dimensions occur. He also wondered whether it was possible to convert quantities between different systems while statically ensuring that a given conversion was valid. In this module we show that we can in a straight forward manner support systems with rational exponents, provided that the rationals that may be encountered are known a priori. As an example we provide a rudimentary implementation of the CGS system. We also show that we can indeed statically prohibit invalid conversions between different systems. = Caveats = I'm ignorantly assuming that when working with the CGS (or MKS) system you will only (meaningfully?) encounter half-exponents and only of the length and mass dimensions. Of course, in other systems other rational exponents may be encountered. I am also assuming that the CGS system would not be employed when working with temperature, amount or luminosity. This is evident in the below type signatures where I have assumed zero extent in the temperature, amount and luminosity dimensions. If this is incorrect I would appreciate pointers to the CGS representation of these dimensions. Please correct and inform me if my assumptions are wrong! = Preliminaries =

{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fglasgow-exts -fallow-undecidable-instances #-}

module Buckwalter.Dimensional.CGS where

import Prelude ( undefined, Num, Fractional, Floating, Show, recip, Double ) import qualified Prelude import Buckwalter.Dimensional hiding ( DLength, DMass, DTime, DElectricCurrent ) import Buckwalter.Dimensional.Quantities as SIQ import qualified Buckwalter.Dimensional.SIUnits as SI import qualified Buckwalter.NumType as N import Buckwalter.NumType ( Neg2, Neg1, Zero, Pos, Pos1, Pos2, Pos3, NumType ) import Buckwalter.NumType ( neg2, neg1, zero, pos1, pos2, pos3 ) import Data.Maybe (catMaybes)

= Dimensions = Analogously with the SI we collect the base dimensions of the CGS system in the data type 'CGSDim'.

data CGSDim lh mh t

In the above 'lh' and 'mh' represent the number of half-exponents of length and mass respectively while 't' represents the number of whole-exponents. The base dimensions illustrate this.

type DLength = CGSDim Pos2 Zero Zero type DMass = CGSDim Zero Pos2 Zero type DTime = CGSDim Zero Zero Pos1

We add a few non-base dimensions for the sake of example. Charge is particularly interesting as it illustrates the need for half-exponents as described in [2].

type DElectricCurrent = CGSDim Pos3 Pos1 Neg2 type DCharge = CGSDim Pos3 Pos1 Neg1

= 'Mul', 'Div', 'Pow' and 'Root' instances = The 'Mul', 'Div', 'Pow' and 'Root' instances are strictly analogous with the SI.

instance ( N.Sum lh lh' lh'' , N.Sum mh mh' mh'' , N.Sum t t' t'' ) => Mul (CGSDim lh mh t) (CGSDim lh' mh' t') (CGSDim lh'' mh'' t'')

instance ( N.Sum lh lh' lh'' , N.Sum mh mh' mh'' , N.Sum t t' t'' ) => Div (CGSDim lh'' mh'' t'') (CGSDim lh' mh' t') (CGSDim lh mh t)

instance ( N.Mul lh x lh' , N.Mul mh x mh' , N.Mul t x t' ) => Pow (CGSDim lh mh t) x (CGSDim lh' mh' t')

instance ( N.Div lh x lh' , N.Div mh x mh' , N.Div t x t' ) => Root (CGSDim lh mh t) x (CGSDim lh' mh' t')

= Units = We define the base units of the system. By defining 'meter' with a "scale" of 100 we get a scale of one for 'centi meter'.

meter :: Num a => Unit DLength a meter = Dimensional 100 gram :: Num a => Unit DMass a gram = Dimensional 1 second :: Num a => Unit DTime a second = Dimensional 1

We continue by defining the CGS equivalents of the other base SI units. Actually we limit ourselves to 'ampere' since I am not sure if or how the SI base dimensions other than current are expressed in CGS.

ampere :: Floating a => Unit DElectricCurrent a ampere = prefix (recip 3.33564e-10) ((SI.centi meter ^ pos3) ^/ pos2 * gram ^/ pos2 * second ^ neg2)

We also define the preferred CGS unit for charge.

franklin :: Floating a => Unit DCharge a -- Also known as "esu". franklin = gram ^/ pos2 * (SI.centi meter ^ pos3) ^/ pos2 / second

= Conversion from SI = At some point we may wish to convert an SI quantity to a CGS quantity or vice versa. In order to convert a 'Quantity' from the SI system to the CGS system we use the strategy of dividing the quantity by the SI base unit and multiplying the resulting number (sans dimension) by the equivalent CGS unit. To realize this strategy we must be able to obtain the SI base unit and the equivalent CGS unit for a given quantity. We start with the SI unit since it is trivial.

unit_SI :: Num a => Quantity (Dim l m t i th n j) a -> Unit (Dim l m t i th n j) a unit_SI _ = Dimensional 1

(Perhaps the above function would be better defined in another module.) Obtaining the CGS unit corresponding to the SI base unit of a Quantity isn't quite as trivial. The function body itself is straight-forward enough, the hairy part is the type signature.

unit_CGS :: forall a l m t i l2 m2 il it l' m' t'. ( Floating a , N.Mul Zero l Zero, N.Mul Pos2 l l2 , N.Mul Zero m Zero, N.Mul Pos2 m m2 , N.Mul Zero t Zero, N.Mul Pos1 t t , N.Sum l2 Zero l2 , N.Sum Zero m2 m2, N.Sum m2 Zero m2 , N.Sum Zero t t , N.Mul Pos3 i il , N.Mul Pos1 i i , N.Mul Neg2 i it , N.Sum l2 il l' , N.Sum m2 i m' , N.Sum t it t' ) => Quantity (Dim l m t i Zero Zero Zero) a -> Unit (CGSDim l' m' t') a unit_CGS _ = meter ^ (undefined :: l) * SI.kilo gram ^ (undefined :: m) * second ^ (undefined :: t) * ampere ^ (undefined :: i)

Note that since the base dimensions of the CGS are a subset of those of the SI the mapping of types from SI to CGS is unambiguous. Also note that complex as the type signature may be producing it is a mostly mechanical process. With the above two functions we can define the function that converts a unit from the SI. We omit the type signature since it is hairy but can be readily inferred.

fromSI x = x /~ unit_SI x *~ unit_CGS x

= Conversion to SI = We use the same strategy to convert from CGS to SI. However, when converting from CGS to SI there may be several valid SI dimensionalities for any given CGS dimensionality. We will handle this ambiguity by requiring the user to specify the desired type (except when it is inferable) of the resulting quantity. For example: ] toSI (3.2 *~ centi meter) :: Length Double In order to do this we must employ lexically scoped type variables and provide the hairy type signature for the 'toSI' function.

toSI :: forall a l m t i l2 m2 il it l' m' t'. ( Floating a , N.Mul Zero l Zero, N.Mul Pos2 l l2 , N.Mul Zero m Zero, N.Mul Pos2 m m2 , N.Mul Zero t Zero, N.Mul Pos1 t t , N.Sum l2 Zero l2 , N.Sum Zero m2 m2, N.Sum m2 Zero m2 , N.Sum Zero t t , N.Mul Pos3 i il , N.Mul Pos1 i i , N.Mul Neg2 i it , N.Sum l2 il l' , N.Sum m2 i m' , N.Sum t it t' ) => Quantity (CGSDim l' m' t') a -> Quantity (Dim l m t i Zero Zero Zero) a toSI x = x /~ unit_CGS (undefined :: Quantity (Dim l m t i Zero Zero Zero) a) *~ unit_SI (undefined :: Quantity (Dim l m t i Zero Zero Zero) a)

Again, the type signature is complex but deriving it is a mechanical process. = 'Show' instance = We round off by writing 'Show' instance for 'CGSDim' analogous to that of 'Dim'. Out of laziness we use the notation "sqrt(cm)" to represent halves of integral dimensions. Nothing is technically keeping us from doing a better job here.

instance forall lh mh t. ( NumType lh , NumType mh , NumType t ) => Show (CGSDim lh mh t) where show _ = (Prelude.unwords Prelude.. catMaybes) [ dimUnit "sqrt(cm)" (undefined :: lh) , dimUnit "sqrt(g)" (undefined :: mh) , dimUnit "s" (undefined :: t) ]

= Examples = Let us try the Coulomb attraction example from [2]. We start by performing the calculation in the SI.

q_si = 1.6021773e-19 *~ SI.coulomb -- Elementary charge in SI. r_si = 0.1 *~ SI.nano SI.meter -- Distance in SI f_si = q_si ^ pos2 / (_4 * pi * e0 * r_si ^ pos2) where e0 = 8.8541878e-12 *~ (SI.ampere * SI.second / (SI.volt * SI.meter))

The same calculation in the CGS system.

q_cgs = fromSI q_si -- Elementary charge in CGS. r_cgs = fromSI r_si -- Distance in CGS f_cgs = q_cgs ^ pos2 / r_cgs ^ pos2

Inspecting the values in GHCi shows us that the results are consistent (within reasonable accuracy) with [2]. *Buckwalter.Dimensional.CGS> f_si 2.3070794737101255e-8 m kg s^-2 *Buckwalter.Dimensional.CGS> f_cgs 2.30708078598602e-3 sqrt(cm)^2 sqrt(g)^2 s^-2 To convert from CGS to SI we must specify the type of the SI 'Quantity'.

f_si' = toSI f_cgs :: SIQ.Force Double

*Buckwalter.Dimensional.CGS> f_si' 2.3070807859860202e-8 m kg s^-2 We follow up with another conversion example demonstrating the ambiguity in the conversion from CGS to SI.

c = 1 *~ SI.farad -- A SI capacitance. c_cgs = fromSI c -- Capacitance has dimensionality L in CGS. c' = toSI c_cgs :: SIQ.Capacitance Double c'' = toSI c_cgs :: Length Double

*Buckwalter.Dimensional.CGS> c 1.0 m^-2 kg^-1 s^4 A^2 *Buckwalter.Dimensional.CGS> c_cgs 8.98755691740885e11 sqrt(cm)^2 *Buckwalter.Dimensional.CGS> c' 1.0 m^-2 kg^-1 s^4 A^2 *Buckwalter.Dimensional.CGS> c'' 8.98755691740885e9 m = Future work = This is a very rudimentary implementation. To make it more practical a significant number of quantities and units, in particularly those commonly used with the CGS, would need to be added. In the mean time all units defined for the SI can be used with the CGS by applying 'fromSI' to quantities defined from the SI units. If anyone is willing to add quantities/units (or other enhancements) I will happily to accept patches. Personally I do not expect to use this module and therefore do not intend to invest much more time in it. If the module has other users I might reconsider. And of course, another direction of future work is to define additional systems (e.g. natural, relativistic) using this module as a template. I imagine this should be fairly straight forward. = References = [1] http://code.google.com/p/dimensional/wiki/ChuckBlake20070611 [2] http://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/mw1_ge/kap_2/basics/b2_1_14.html ~~~~~~~~~~ END 'Buckwalter/Dimensional/CGS.lhs' ~~~~~~~~~~