- Libraries - Haskell.org

Re: new-typeable, new cast?
by José Pedro Magalhães 01 Aug '13

01 Aug '13

Hi, On Mon, Mar 4, 2013 at 4:51 PM, Richard Eisenberg <eir(a)cis.upenn.edu> wrote: > Unless I'm missing something, this all looks very straightforward. The > implementation is there, already, in the guise of (gcast Refl). We would > just shuffle the definitions around a bit. Am I indeed missing something? > I think that is the case indeed. Though I agree that it would be a nice addition to Data.Typeable. Cheers, Pedro > > As for the name, I agree that :~: is awkward to type. But, I think == > should be saved for type-level Boolean equality, as a closer analogue to > its term-level meaning. I don't have a better suggestion than :~:. Or, if > we just allow Constraint/* polymorphism, than we can simply use ~, as that > *already* is a GADT wrapping around an even more primitive denotation of > equality. (Just kidding about the Constraint/* polymorphism…) > > Richard > > On Mar 4, 2013, at 10:30 AM, Simon Peyton-Jones wrote: > > > ok good. Since this is in the intersection of singletons and Typeable, I > wonder if Pedro and Richard might together lead on driving this to a > conclusion and implementing it? > > > > Simon > > > > | -----Original Message----- > > | From: Stephanie Weirich [mailto:sweirich@cis.upenn.edu] > > | Sent: 04 March 2013 14:24 > > | To: Shachaf Ben-Kiki > > | Cc: Simon Peyton-Jones; libraries(a)haskell.org; Richard Eisenberg > > | (eir(a)cis.upenn.edu) Dimitrios Vytiniotis; Iavor Diatchki; Conor > > | McBride; Pedro Magalhães > > | Subject: Re: new-typeable, new cast? > > | > > | Nice! I agree that having a (poly-kinded!) function of type > > | > > | >> eqT :: forall (a :: k) (b :: k). (Typeable a, Typeable b) => Maybe > (a > > | >> :~: b) > > | > > | around is The Right Way to Go. I'd call this function "eqT" or > > | "eqTypeable", after the similar operation in Data.Type.Equality. Thanks > > | for pointing out that we can get such a function so easily from gcast. > > | (Note that gcast itself can be polykinded now, I'm writing down the > > | kinds to make them obvious.) > > | > > | gcast :: forall (a :: k) (b::k) (c::k ->*). (Typeable a, Typeable b) -> > > | c a -> Maybe (c b) > > | > > | WRT to gcast1 and gcast2, these functions can be subsumed by eqT, but > > | not by polykinded gcast due to the restrictions on higher-order > > | polymorphism. > > | > > | gcast1 can convert [b Int] to [Maybe Int], but gcast cannot. eqT can do > > | so with a pattern match. This behavior does seem rather special-purpose > > | though---eqT is much more flexible. > > | > > | With singletons, we could imagine two different polykinded operations, > > | that differ only in whether their arguments are explicit/implicit. > > | > > | eqTypeable :: (Typeable a, Typeable b) => Maybe (a :~: b) > > | > > | eqSing :: Sing a -> Sing b -> Maybe (a :~: b) > > | > > | Again, Sing should be kind-indexed, so that we can have Sing True, Sing > > | 0, and (eventually) Sing Int. > > | > > | --Stephanie > > | > > | > > | On Mar 4, 2013, at 8:46 AM, Shachaf Ben-Kiki wrote: > > | > > | > On Mon, Mar 4, 2013 at 4:24 AM, Simon Peyton-Jones > > | > <simonpj(a)microsoft.com> wrote: > > | >> | λ> data a :~: b where Refl :: a :~: a > > | >> | λ> :t gcast Refl > > | >> | gcast Refl :: forall a b. (Typeable a, Typeable b) => Maybe > > | >> | ((:~:) * a b) > > | >> > > | >> That is a ferociously-unintuitive use of 'gcast'! It too me dome > > | while to convince myself that it was right. Though it does indeed > > | work. I'd see (gcast Refl) as the primitive, with 'gcast' itself as a > > | simple derived function. > > | >> > > | >> I'm not sure what name to give the new cast function > > | >> ?? :: Typeable a, Typeable b) => Maybe (a :~: b) > > | >> > > | >> > > | >> Do we need gcast1 and gcast2 any more, in our new polykinded world? > > | Can they be depreceated? > > | >> > > | >> Simon > > | >> > > | > > > | > A couple of people have suggested "same". (I wonder if this would > also > > | > subsume eqSingNat/eqSingSym?). > > | > > > | > By the way -- since (:~:) seems to be in HEAD now, but not yet > > | > released, is there a chance of renaming it? ":~:" is pretty awkward > to > > | > type, given all the new TypeOperators options these days; how about > > | > "=="? > > | > > > | > Shachaf > > | > > > > > > >

7 17

Data.Map, unionWithMaybe
by Sebastiaan Joosten 29 Jul '13

29 Jul '13

Dear libraries, for Data.Map, I needed a "unionWithMaybe" function for my sparse system of linear equations (unionWithMaybe :: Ord k => (a -> a -> Maybe a) -> Map k a -> Map k a -> Map k a). My usage: (.+.) = Map.unionWithMaybe (\a b->case a+b of {0->Nothing;s->Just s}) (I do not think Map.unionWithMaybe can be expressed in terms of other functions without loosing performance, so I recon it would be a nice addition to the library.) I built this function myself by modifying the Data.Map implementation, but it would be nice to see it in the official version of Data.Map. Here is the file including the modifications I made to it. Feel free to use it, I will agree to whatever license you need to make it public. (PS: this is the first time I return modified source code to the maintainer, feel free to instruct me on how to do this in the future.) Sincerely, Sebastiaan J.C. Joosten {-# OPTIONS_GHC -XNoBangPatterns -cpp -XStandaloneDeriving -XDeriveDataTypeable #-} ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- | -- Module : Data.Map -- Copyright : (c) Daan Leijen 2002 -- (c) Andriy Palamarchuk 2008 -- License : BSD-style -- Maintainer : libraries(a)haskell.org -- Stability : provisional -- Portability : portable -- -- An efficient implementation of maps from keys to values (dictionaries). -- -- Since many function names (but not the type name) clash with -- "Prelude" names, this module is usually imported @qualified@, e.g. -- -- > import Data.Map (Map) -- > import qualified Data.Map as Map -- -- The implementation of 'Map' is based on /size balanced/ binary trees (or -- trees of /bounded balance/) as described by: -- -- * Stephen Adams, \"/Efficient sets: a balancing act/\", -- Journal of Functional Programming 3(4):553-562, October 1993, -- <http://www.swiss.ai.mit.edu/~adams/BB/>. -- -- * J. Nievergelt and E.M. Reingold, -- \"/Binary search trees of bounded balance/\", -- SIAM journal of computing 2(1), March 1973. -- -- Note that the implementation is /left-biased/ -- the elements of a -- first argument are always preferred to the second, for example in -- 'union' or 'insert'. -- -- Operation comments contain the operation time complexity in -- the Big-O notation <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_O_notation>. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- module Data.Map ( -- * Map type Map -- instance Eq,Show,Read -- * Operators , (!), (\\) -- * Query , null , size , member , notMember , lookup , findWithDefault -- * Construction , empty , singleton -- ** Insertion , insert , insertWith, insertWithKey, insertLookupWithKey , insertWith', insertWithKey' -- ** Delete\/Update , delete , adjust , adjustWithKey , update , updateWithKey , updateLookupWithKey , alter -- * Combine -- ** Union , union , unionWith , unionWithKey , unionWithMaybe , unionWithMaybeKey , unions , unionsWith -- ** Difference , difference , differenceWith , differenceWithKey -- ** Intersection , intersection , intersectionWith , intersectionWithKey -- * Traversal -- ** Map , map , mapWithKey , mapAccum , mapAccumWithKey , mapAccumRWithKey , mapKeys , mapKeysWith , mapKeysMonotonic -- ** Fold , fold , foldWithKey , foldrWithKey , foldlWithKey -- * Conversion , elems , keys , keysSet , assocs -- ** Lists , toList , fromList , fromListWith , fromListWithKey -- ** Ordered lists , toAscList , toDescList , fromAscList , fromAscListWith , fromAscListWithKey , fromDistinctAscList -- * Filter , filter , filterWithKey , partition , partitionWithKey , mapMaybe , mapWithMaybeKey , mapEither , mapEitherWithKey , split , splitLookup -- * Submap , isSubmapOf, isSubmapOfBy , isProperSubmapOf, isProperSubmapOfBy -- * Indexed , lookupIndex , findIndex , elemAt , updateAt , deleteAt -- * Min\/Max , findMin , findMax , deleteMin , deleteMax , deleteFindMin , deleteFindMax , updateMin , updateMax , updateMinWithKey , updateMaxWithKey , minView , maxView , minViewWithKey , maxViewWithKey -- * Debugging , showTree , showTreeWith , valid ) where import Prelude hiding (lookup,map,filter,null) import qualified Data.Set as Set import qualified Data.List as List import Data.Monoid (Monoid(..)) import Control.Applicative (Applicative(..), (<$>)) import Data.Traversable (Traversable(traverse)) import Data.Foldable (Foldable(foldMap)) #ifndef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ import Data.Typeable ( Typeable, typeOf, typeOfDefault , Typeable1, typeOf1, typeOf1Default) #endif import Data.Typeable (Typeable2(..), TyCon, mkTyCon, mkTyConApp) {- -- for quick check import qualified Prelude import qualified List import Debug.QuickCheck import List(nub,sort) -} #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ import Text.Read import Data.Data (Data(..), mkNoRepType, gcast2) #endif {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Operators --------------------------------------------------------------------} infixl 9 !,\\ -- -- | /O(log n)/. Find the value at a key. -- Calls 'error' when the element can not be found. -- -- > fromList [(5,'a'), (3,'b')] ! 1 Error: element not in the map -- > fromList [(5,'a'), (3,'b')] ! 5 == 'a' (!) :: Ord k => Map k a -> k -> a m ! k = find k m -- | Same as 'difference'. (\\) :: Ord k => Map k a -> Map k b -> Map k a m1 \\ m2 = difference m1 m2 {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Size balanced trees. --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | A Map from keys @k@ to values @a@. data Map k a = Tip | Bin {-# UNPACK #-} !Size !k a !(Map k a) !(Map k a) type Size = Int instance (Ord k) => Monoid (Map k v) where mempty = empty mappend = union mconcat = unions #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ {-------------------------------------------------------------------- A Data instance --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- This instance preserves data abstraction at the cost of inefficiency. -- We omit reflection services for the sake of data abstraction. instance (Data k, Data a, Ord k) => Data (Map k a) where gfoldl f z m = z fromList `f` toList m toConstr _ = error "toConstr" gunfold _ _ = error "gunfold" dataTypeOf _ = mkNoRepType "Data.Map.Map" dataCast2 f = gcast2 f #endif {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Query --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(1)/. Is the map empty? -- -- > Data.Map.null (empty) == True -- > Data.Map.null (singleton 1 'a') == False null :: Map k a -> Bool null t = case t of Tip -> True Bin {} -> False -- | /O(1)/. The number of elements in the map. -- -- > size empty == 0 -- > size (singleton 1 'a') == 1 -- > size (fromList([(1,'a'), (2,'c'), (3,'b')])) == 3 size :: Map k a -> Int size t = case t of Tip -> 0 Bin sz _ _ _ _ -> sz -- | /O(log n)/. Lookup the value at a key in the map. -- -- The function will return the corresponding value as @('Just' value)@, -- or 'Nothing' if the key isn't in the map. -- -- An example of using @lookup@: -- -- > import Prelude hiding (lookup) -- > import Data.Map -- > -- > employeeDept = fromList([("John","Sales"), ("Bob","IT")]) -- > deptCountry = fromList([("IT","USA"), ("Sales","France")]) -- > countryCurrency = fromList([("USA", "Dollar"), ("France", "Euro")]) -- > -- > employeeCurrency :: String -> Maybe String -- > employeeCurrency name = do -- > dept <- lookup name employeeDept -- > country <- lookup dept deptCountry -- > lookup country countryCurrency -- > -- > main = do -- > putStrLn $ "John's currency: " ++ (show (employeeCurrency "John")) -- > putStrLn $ "Pete's currency: " ++ (show (employeeCurrency "Pete")) -- -- The output of this program: -- -- > John's currency: Just "Euro" -- > Pete's currency: Nothing lookup :: Ord k => k -> Map k a -> Maybe a lookup k t = case t of Tip -> Nothing Bin _ kx x l r -> case compare k kx of LT -> lookup k l GT -> lookup k r EQ -> Just x lookupAssoc :: Ord k => k -> Map k a -> Maybe (k,a) lookupAssoc k t = case t of Tip -> Nothing Bin _ kx x l r -> case compare k kx of LT -> lookupAssoc k l GT -> lookupAssoc k r EQ -> Just (kx,x) -- | /O(log n)/. Is the key a member of the map? See also 'notMember'. -- -- > member 5 (fromList [(5,'a'), (3,'b')]) == True -- > member 1 (fromList [(5,'a'), (3,'b')]) == False member :: Ord k => k -> Map k a -> Bool member k m = case lookup k m of Nothing -> False Just _ -> True -- | /O(log n)/. Is the key not a member of the map? See also 'member'. -- -- > notMember 5 (fromList [(5,'a'), (3,'b')]) == False -- > notMember 1 (fromList [(5,'a'), (3,'b')]) == True notMember :: Ord k => k -> Map k a -> Bool notMember k m = not $ member k m -- | /O(log n)/. Find the value at a key. -- Calls 'error' when the element can not be found. find :: Ord k => k -> Map k a -> a find k m = case lookup k m of Nothing -> error "Map.find: element not in the map" Just x -> x -- | /O(log n)/. The expression @('findWithDefault' def k map)@ returns -- the value at key @k@ or returns default value @def@ -- when the key is not in the map. -- -- > findWithDefault 'x' 1 (fromList [(5,'a'), (3,'b')]) == 'x' -- > findWithDefault 'x' 5 (fromList [(5,'a'), (3,'b')]) == 'a' findWithDefault :: Ord k => a -> k -> Map k a -> a findWithDefault def k m = case lookup k m of Nothing -> def Just x -> x {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Construction --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(1)/. The empty map. -- -- > empty == fromList [] -- > size empty == 0 empty :: Map k a empty = Tip -- | /O(1)/. A map with a single element. -- -- > singleton 1 'a' == fromList [(1, 'a')] -- > size (singleton 1 'a') == 1 singleton :: k -> a -> Map k a singleton k x = Bin 1 k x Tip Tip {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Insertion --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(log n)/. Insert a new key and value in the map. -- If the key is already present in the map, the associated value is -- replaced with the supplied value. 'insert' is equivalent to -- @'insertWith' 'const'@. -- -- > insert 5 'x' (fromList [(5,'a'), (3,'b')]) == fromList [(3, 'b'), (5, 'x')] -- > insert 7 'x' (fromList [(5,'a'), (3,'b')]) == fromList [(3, 'b'), (5, 'a'), (7, 'x')] -- > insert 5 'x' empty == singleton 5 'x' insert :: Ord k => k -> a -> Map k a -> Map k a insert kx x t = case t of Tip -> singleton kx x Bin sz ky y l r -> case compare kx ky of LT -> balance ky y (insert kx x l) r GT -> balance ky y l (insert kx x r) EQ -> Bin sz kx x l r -- | /O(log n)/. Insert with a function, combining new value and old value. -- @'insertWith' f key value mp@ -- will insert the pair (key, value) into @mp@ if key does -- not exist in the map. If the key does exist, the function will -- insert the pair @(key, f new_value old_value)@. -- -- > insertWith (++) 5 "xxx" (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "xxxa")] -- > insertWith (++) 7 "xxx" (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a"), (7, "xxx")] -- > insertWith (++) 5 "xxx" empty == singleton 5 "xxx" insertWith :: Ord k => (a -> a -> a) -> k -> a -> Map k a -> Map k a insertWith f k x m = insertWithKey (\_ x' y' -> f x' y') k x m -- | Same as 'insertWith', but the combining function is applied strictly. insertWith' :: Ord k => (a -> a -> a) -> k -> a -> Map k a -> Map k a insertWith' f k x m = insertWithKey' (\_ x' y' -> f x' y') k x m -- | /O(log n)/. Insert with a function, combining key, new value and old value. -- @'insertWithKey' f key value mp@ -- will insert the pair (key, value) into @mp@ if key does -- not exist in the map. If the key does exist, the function will -- insert the pair @(key,f key new_value old_value)@. -- Note that the key passed to f is the same key passed to 'insertWithKey'. -- -- > let f key new_value old_value = (show key) ++ ":" ++ new_value ++ "|" ++ old_value -- > insertWithKey f 5 "xxx" (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "5:xxx|a")] -- > insertWithKey f 7 "xxx" (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a"), (7, "xxx")] -- > insertWithKey f 5 "xxx" empty == singleton 5 "xxx" insertWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> a -> a) -> k -> a -> Map k a -> Map k a insertWithKey f kx x t = case t of Tip -> singleton kx x Bin sy ky y l r -> case compare kx ky of LT -> balance ky y (insertWithKey f kx x l) r GT -> balance ky y l (insertWithKey f kx x r) EQ -> Bin sy kx (f kx x y) l r -- | Same as 'insertWithKey', but the combining function is applied strictly. insertWithKey' :: Ord k => (k -> a -> a -> a) -> k -> a -> Map k a -> Map k a insertWithKey' f kx x t = case t of Tip -> singleton kx x Bin sy ky y l r -> case compare kx ky of LT -> balance ky y (insertWithKey' f kx x l) r GT -> balance ky y l (insertWithKey' f kx x r) EQ -> let x' = f kx x y in seq x' (Bin sy kx x' l r) -- | /O(log n)/. Combines insert operation with old value retrieval. -- The expression (@'insertLookupWithKey' f k x map@) -- is a pair where the first element is equal to (@'lookup' k map@) -- and the second element equal to (@'insertWithKey' f k x map@). -- -- > let f key new_value old_value = (show key) ++ ":" ++ new_value ++ "|" ++ old_value -- > insertLookupWithKey f 5 "xxx" (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (Just "a", fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "5:xxx|a")]) -- > insertLookupWithKey f 7 "xxx" (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (Nothing, fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a"), (7, "xxx")]) -- > insertLookupWithKey f 5 "xxx" empty == (Nothing, singleton 5 "xxx") -- -- This is how to define @insertLookup@ using @insertLookupWithKey@: -- -- > let insertLookup kx x t = insertLookupWithKey (\_ a _ -> a) kx x t -- > insertLookup 5 "x" (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (Just "a", fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "x")]) -- > insertLookup 7 "x" (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (Nothing, fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a"), (7, "x")]) insertLookupWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> a -> a) -> k -> a -> Map k a -> (Maybe a,Map k a) insertLookupWithKey f kx x t = case t of Tip -> (Nothing, singleton kx x) Bin sy ky y l r -> case compare kx ky of LT -> let (found,l') = insertLookupWithKey f kx x l in (found,balance ky y l' r) GT -> let (found,r') = insertLookupWithKey f kx x r in (found,balance ky y l r') EQ -> (Just y, Bin sy kx (f kx x y) l r) {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Deletion [delete] is the inlined version of [deleteWith (\k x -> Nothing)] --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(log n)/. Delete a key and its value from the map. When the key is not -- a member of the map, the original map is returned. -- -- > delete 5 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 3 "b" -- > delete 7 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a")] -- > delete 5 empty == empty delete :: Ord k => k -> Map k a -> Map k a delete k t = case t of Tip -> Tip Bin _ kx x l r -> case compare k kx of LT -> balance kx x (delete k l) r GT -> balance kx x l (delete k r) EQ -> glue l r -- | /O(log n)/. Update a value at a specific key with the result of the provided function. -- When the key is not -- a member of the map, the original map is returned. -- -- > adjust ("new " ++) 5 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "new a")] -- > adjust ("new " ++) 7 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a")] -- > adjust ("new " ++) 7 empty == empty adjust :: Ord k => (a -> a) -> k -> Map k a -> Map k a adjust f k m = adjustWithKey (\_ x -> f x) k m -- | /O(log n)/. Adjust a value at a specific key. When the key is not -- a member of the map, the original map is returned. -- -- > let f key x = (show key) ++ ":new " ++ x -- > adjustWithKey f 5 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "5:new a")] -- > adjustWithKey f 7 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a")] -- > adjustWithKey f 7 empty == empty adjustWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> a) -> k -> Map k a -> Map k a adjustWithKey f k m = updateWithKey (\k' x' -> Just (f k' x')) k m -- | /O(log n)/. The expression (@'update' f k map@) updates the value @x@ -- at @k@ (if it is in the map). If (@f x@) is 'Nothing', the element is -- deleted. If it is (@'Just' y@), the key @k@ is bound to the new value @y@. -- -- > let f x = if x == "a" then Just "new a" else Nothing -- > update f 5 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "new a")] -- > update f 7 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a")] -- > update f 3 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 5 "a" update :: Ord k => (a -> Maybe a) -> k -> Map k a -> Map k a update f k m = updateWithKey (\_ x -> f x) k m -- | /O(log n)/. The expression (@'updateWithKey' f k map@) updates the -- value @x@ at @k@ (if it is in the map). If (@f k x@) is 'Nothing', -- the element is deleted. If it is (@'Just' y@), the key @k@ is bound -- to the new value @y@. -- -- > let f k x = if x == "a" then Just ((show k) ++ ":new a") else Nothing -- > updateWithKey f 5 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "5:new a")] -- > updateWithKey f 7 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a")] -- > updateWithKey f 3 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 5 "a" updateWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> Maybe a) -> k -> Map k a -> Map k a updateWithKey f k t = case t of Tip -> Tip Bin sx kx x l r -> case compare k kx of LT -> balance kx x (updateWithKey f k l) r GT -> balance kx x l (updateWithKey f k r) EQ -> case f kx x of Just x' -> Bin sx kx x' l r Nothing -> glue l r -- | /O(log n)/. Lookup and update. See also 'updateWithKey'. -- The function returns changed value, if it is updated. -- Returns the original key value if the map entry is deleted. -- -- > let f k x = if x == "a" then Just ((show k) ++ ":new a") else Nothing -- > updateLookupWithKey f 5 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (Just "5:new a", fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "5:new a")]) -- > updateLookupWithKey f 7 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (Nothing, fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a")]) -- > updateLookupWithKey f 3 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (Just "b", singleton 5 "a") updateLookupWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> Maybe a) -> k -> Map k a -> (Maybe a,Map k a) updateLookupWithKey f k t = case t of Tip -> (Nothing,Tip) Bin sx kx x l r -> case compare k kx of LT -> let (found,l') = updateLookupWithKey f k l in (found,balance kx x l' r) GT -> let (found,r') = updateLookupWithKey f k r in (found,balance kx x l r') EQ -> case f kx x of Just x' -> (Just x',Bin sx kx x' l r) Nothing -> (Just x,glue l r) -- | /O(log n)/. The expression (@'alter' f k map@) alters the value @x@ at @k@, or absence thereof. -- 'alter' can be used to insert, delete, or update a value in a 'Map'. -- In short : @'lookup' k ('alter' f k m) = f ('lookup' k m)@. -- -- > let f _ = Nothing -- > alter f 7 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a")] -- > alter f 5 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 3 "b" -- > -- > let f _ = Just "c" -- > alter f 7 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a"), (7, "c")] -- > alter f 5 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "c")] alter :: Ord k => (Maybe a -> Maybe a) -> k -> Map k a -> Map k a alter f k t = case t of Tip -> case f Nothing of Nothing -> Tip Just x -> singleton k x Bin sx kx x l r -> case compare k kx of LT -> balance kx x (alter f k l) r GT -> balance kx x l (alter f k r) EQ -> case f (Just x) of Just x' -> Bin sx kx x' l r Nothing -> glue l r {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Indexing --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(log n)/. Return the /index/ of a key. The index is a number from -- /0/ up to, but not including, the 'size' of the map. Calls 'error' when -- the key is not a 'member' of the map. -- -- > findIndex 2 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) Error: element is not in the map -- > findIndex 3 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == 0 -- > findIndex 5 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == 1 -- > findIndex 6 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) Error: element is not in the map findIndex :: Ord k => k -> Map k a -> Int findIndex k t = case lookupIndex k t of Nothing -> error "Map.findIndex: element is not in the map" Just idx -> idx -- | /O(log n)/. Lookup the /index/ of a key. The index is a number from -- /0/ up to, but not including, the 'size' of the map. -- -- > isJust (lookupIndex 2 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")])) == False -- > fromJust (lookupIndex 3 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")])) == 0 -- > fromJust (lookupIndex 5 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")])) == 1 -- > isJust (lookupIndex 6 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")])) == False lookupIndex :: Ord k => k -> Map k a -> Maybe Int lookupIndex k t = f 0 t where f _ Tip = Nothing f idx (Bin _ kx _ l r) = case compare k kx of LT -> f idx l GT -> f (idx + size l + 1) r EQ -> Just (idx + size l) -- | /O(log n)/. Retrieve an element by /index/. Calls 'error' when an -- invalid index is used. -- -- > elemAt 0 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (3,"b") -- > elemAt 1 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (5, "a") -- > elemAt 2 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) Error: index out of range elemAt :: Int -> Map k a -> (k,a) elemAt _ Tip = error "Map.elemAt: index out of range" elemAt i (Bin _ kx x l r) = case compare i sizeL of LT -> elemAt i l GT -> elemAt (i-sizeL-1) r EQ -> (kx,x) where sizeL = size l -- | /O(log n)/. Update the element at /index/. Calls 'error' when an -- invalid index is used. -- -- > updateAt (\ _ _ -> Just "x") 0 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "x"), (5, "a")] -- > updateAt (\ _ _ -> Just "x") 1 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "x")] -- > updateAt (\ _ _ -> Just "x") 2 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) Error: index out of range -- > updateAt (\ _ _ -> Just "x") (-1) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) Error: index out of range -- > updateAt (\_ _ -> Nothing) 0 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 5 "a" -- > updateAt (\_ _ -> Nothing) 1 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 3 "b" -- > updateAt (\_ _ -> Nothing) 2 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) Error: index out of range -- > updateAt (\_ _ -> Nothing) (-1) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) Error: index out of range updateAt :: (k -> a -> Maybe a) -> Int -> Map k a -> Map k a updateAt _ _ Tip = error "Map.updateAt: index out of range" updateAt f i (Bin sx kx x l r) = case compare i sizeL of LT -> balance kx x (updateAt f i l) r GT -> balance kx x l (updateAt f (i-sizeL-1) r) EQ -> case f kx x of Just x' -> Bin sx kx x' l r Nothing -> glue l r where sizeL = size l -- | /O(log n)/. Delete the element at /index/. -- Defined as (@'deleteAt' i map = 'updateAt' (\k x -> 'Nothing') i map@). -- -- > deleteAt 0 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 5 "a" -- > deleteAt 1 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 3 "b" -- > deleteAt 2 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) Error: index out of range -- > deleteAt (-1) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) Error: index out of range deleteAt :: Int -> Map k a -> Map k a deleteAt i m = updateAt (\_ _ -> Nothing) i m {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Minimal, Maximal --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(log n)/. The minimal key of the map. Calls 'error' is the map is empty. -- -- > findMin (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (3,"b") -- > findMin empty Error: empty map has no minimal element findMin :: Map k a -> (k,a) findMin (Bin _ kx x Tip _) = (kx,x) findMin (Bin _ _ _ l _) = findMin l findMin Tip = error "Map.findMin: empty map has no minimal element" -- | /O(log n)/. The maximal key of the map. Calls 'error' is the map is empty. -- -- > findMax (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (5,"a") -- > findMax empty Error: empty map has no maximal element findMax :: Map k a -> (k,a) findMax (Bin _ kx x _ Tip) = (kx,x) findMax (Bin _ _ _ _ r) = findMax r findMax Tip = error "Map.findMax: empty map has no maximal element" -- | /O(log n)/. Delete the minimal key. Returns an empty map if the map is empty. -- -- > deleteMin (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (7,"c")]) == fromList [(5,"a"), (7,"c")] -- > deleteMin empty == empty deleteMin :: Map k a -> Map k a deleteMin (Bin _ _ _ Tip r) = r deleteMin (Bin _ kx x l r) = balance kx x (deleteMin l) r deleteMin Tip = Tip -- | /O(log n)/. Delete the maximal key. Returns an empty map if the map is empty. -- -- > deleteMax (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (7,"c")]) == fromList [(3,"b"), (5,"a")] -- > deleteMax empty == empty deleteMax :: Map k a -> Map k a deleteMax (Bin _ _ _ l Tip) = l deleteMax (Bin _ kx x l r) = balance kx x l (deleteMax r) deleteMax Tip = Tip -- | /O(log n)/. Update the value at the minimal key. -- -- > updateMin (\ a -> Just ("X" ++ a)) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "Xb"), (5, "a")] -- > updateMin (\ _ -> Nothing) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 5 "a" updateMin :: (a -> Maybe a) -> Map k a -> Map k a updateMin f m = updateMinWithKey (\_ x -> f x) m -- | /O(log n)/. Update the value at the maximal key. -- -- > updateMax (\ a -> Just ("X" ++ a)) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "Xa")] -- > updateMax (\ _ -> Nothing) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 3 "b" updateMax :: (a -> Maybe a) -> Map k a -> Map k a updateMax f m = updateMaxWithKey (\_ x -> f x) m -- | /O(log n)/. Update the value at the minimal key. -- -- > updateMinWithKey (\ k a -> Just ((show k) ++ ":" ++ a)) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3,"3:b"), (5,"a")] -- > updateMinWithKey (\ _ _ -> Nothing) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 5 "a" updateMinWithKey :: (k -> a -> Maybe a) -> Map k a -> Map k a updateMinWithKey f t = case t of Bin sx kx x Tip r -> case f kx x of Nothing -> r Just x' -> Bin sx kx x' Tip r Bin _ kx x l r -> balance kx x (updateMinWithKey f l) r Tip -> Tip -- | /O(log n)/. Update the value at the maximal key. -- -- > updateMaxWithKey (\ k a -> Just ((show k) ++ ":" ++ a)) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3,"b"), (5,"5:a")] -- > updateMaxWithKey (\ _ _ -> Nothing) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 3 "b" updateMaxWithKey :: (k -> a -> Maybe a) -> Map k a -> Map k a updateMaxWithKey f t = case t of Bin sx kx x l Tip -> case f kx x of Nothing -> l Just x' -> Bin sx kx x' l Tip Bin _ kx x l r -> balance kx x l (updateMaxWithKey f r) Tip -> Tip -- | /O(log n)/. Retrieves the minimal (key,value) pair of the map, and -- the map stripped of that element, or 'Nothing' if passed an empty map. -- -- > minViewWithKey (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == Just ((3,"b"), singleton 5 "a") -- > minViewWithKey empty == Nothing minViewWithKey :: Map k a -> Maybe ((k,a), Map k a) minViewWithKey Tip = Nothing minViewWithKey x = Just (deleteFindMin x) -- | /O(log n)/. Retrieves the maximal (key,value) pair of the map, and -- the map stripped of that element, or 'Nothing' if passed an empty map. -- -- > maxViewWithKey (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == Just ((5,"a"), singleton 3 "b") -- > maxViewWithKey empty == Nothing maxViewWithKey :: Map k a -> Maybe ((k,a), Map k a) maxViewWithKey Tip = Nothing maxViewWithKey x = Just (deleteFindMax x) -- | /O(log n)/. Retrieves the value associated with minimal key of the -- map, and the map stripped of that element, or 'Nothing' if passed an -- empty map. -- -- > minView (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == Just ("b", singleton 5 "a") -- > minView empty == Nothing minView :: Map k a -> Maybe (a, Map k a) minView Tip = Nothing minView x = Just (first snd $ deleteFindMin x) -- | /O(log n)/. Retrieves the value associated with maximal key of the -- map, and the map stripped of that element, or 'Nothing' if passed an -- -- > maxView (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == Just ("a", singleton 3 "b") -- > maxView empty == Nothing maxView :: Map k a -> Maybe (a, Map k a) maxView Tip = Nothing maxView x = Just (first snd $ deleteFindMax x) -- Update the 1st component of a tuple (special case of Control.Arrow.first) first :: (a -> b) -> (a,c) -> (b,c) first f (x,y) = (f x, y) {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Union. --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | The union of a list of maps: -- (@'unions' == 'Prelude.foldl' 'union' 'empty'@). -- -- > unions [(fromList [(5, "a"), (3, "b")]), (fromList [(5, "A"), (7, "C")]), (fromList [(5, "A3"), (3, "B3")])] -- > == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a"), (7, "C")] -- > unions [(fromList [(5, "A3"), (3, "B3")]), (fromList [(5, "A"), (7, "C")]), (fromList [(5, "a"), (3, "b")])] -- > == fromList [(3, "B3"), (5, "A3"), (7, "C")] unions :: Ord k => [Map k a] -> Map k a unions ts = foldlStrict union empty ts -- | The union of a list of maps, with a combining operation: -- (@'unionsWith' f == 'Prelude.foldl' ('unionWith' f) 'empty'@). -- -- > unionsWith (++) [(fromList [(5, "a"), (3, "b")]), (fromList [(5, "A"), (7, "C")]), (fromList [(5, "A3"), (3, "B3")])] -- > == fromList [(3, "bB3"), (5, "aAA3"), (7, "C")] unionsWith :: Ord k => (a->a->a) -> [Map k a] -> Map k a unionsWith f ts = foldlStrict (unionWith f) empty ts -- | /O(n+m)/. -- The expression (@'union' t1 t2@) takes the left-biased union of @t1@ and @t2@. -- It prefers @t1@ when duplicate keys are encountered, -- i.e. (@'union' == 'unionWith' 'const'@). -- The implementation uses the efficient /hedge-union/ algorithm. -- Hedge-union is more efficient on (bigset \``union`\` smallset). -- -- > union (fromList [(5, "a"), (3, "b")]) (fromList [(5, "A"), (7, "C")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a"), (7, "C")] union :: Ord k => Map k a -> Map k a -> Map k a union Tip t2 = t2 union t1 Tip = t1 union t1 t2 = hedgeUnionL (const LT) (const GT) t1 t2 -- left-biased hedge union hedgeUnionL :: Ord a => (a -> Ordering) -> (a -> Ordering) -> Map a b -> Map a b -> Map a b hedgeUnionL _ _ t1 Tip = t1 hedgeUnionL cmplo cmphi Tip (Bin _ kx x l r) = join kx x (filterGt cmplo l) (filterLt cmphi r) hedgeUnionL cmplo cmphi (Bin _ kx x l r) t2 = join kx x (hedgeUnionL cmplo cmpkx l (trim cmplo cmpkx t2)) (hedgeUnionL cmpkx cmphi r (trim cmpkx cmphi t2)) where cmpkx k = compare kx k {- XXX unused code -- right-biased hedge union hedgeUnionR :: Ord a => (a -> Ordering) -> (a -> Ordering) -> Map a b -> Map a b -> Map a b hedgeUnionR _ _ t1 Tip = t1 hedgeUnionR cmplo cmphi Tip (Bin _ kx x l r) = join kx x (filterGt cmplo l) (filterLt cmphi r) hedgeUnionR cmplo cmphi (Bin _ kx x l r) t2 = join kx newx (hedgeUnionR cmplo cmpkx l lt) (hedgeUnionR cmpkx cmphi r gt) where cmpkx k = compare kx k lt = trim cmplo cmpkx t2 (found,gt) = trimLookupLo kx cmphi t2 newx = case found of Nothing -> x Just (_,y) -> y -} {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Union with a combining function --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(n+m)/. Union with a combining function. The implementation uses the efficient /hedge-union/ algorithm. -- -- > unionWith (++) (fromList [(5, "a"), (3, "b")]) (fromList [(5, "A"), (7, "C")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "aA"), (7, "C")] unionWith :: Ord k => (a -> a -> a) -> Map k a -> Map k a -> Map k a unionWith f m1 m2 = unionWithKey (\_ x y -> f x y) m1 m2 unionWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> a -> a) -> Map k a -> Map k a -> Map k a unionWithKey _ Tip t2 = t2 unionWithKey _ t1 Tip = t1 unionWithKey f t1 t2 = hedgeUnionWithKey f (const LT) (const GT) t1 t2 hedgeUnionWithKey :: Ord a => (a -> b -> b -> b) -> (a -> Ordering) -> (a -> Ordering) -> Map a b -> Map a b -> Map a b hedgeUnionWithKey _ _ _ t1 Tip = t1 hedgeUnionWithKey _ cmplo cmphi Tip (Bin _ kx x l r) = join kx x (filterGt cmplo l) (filterLt cmphi r) hedgeUnionWithKey f cmplo cmphi (Bin _ kx x l r) t2 = join kx newx (hedgeUnionWithKey f cmplo cmpkx l lt) (hedgeUnionWithKey f cmpkx cmphi r gt) where cmpkx k = compare kx k lt = trim cmplo cmpkx t2 (found,gt) = trimLookupLo kx cmphi t2 newx = case found of Nothing -> x Just (_,y) -> f kx x y {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Difference --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(n+m)/. Difference of two maps. -- Return elements of the first map not existing in the second map. -- The implementation uses an efficient /hedge/ algorithm comparable with /hedge-union/. -- -- > difference (fromList [(5, "a"), (3, "b")]) (fromList [(5, "A"), (7, "C")]) == singleton 3 "b" difference :: Ord k => Map k a -> Map k b -> Map k a difference Tip _ = Tip difference t1 Tip = t1 difference t1 t2 = hedgeDiff (const LT) (const GT) t1 t2 hedgeDiff :: Ord a => (a -> Ordering) -> (a -> Ordering) -> Map a b -> Map a c -> Map a b hedgeDiff _ _ Tip _ = Tip hedgeDiff cmplo cmphi (Bin _ kx x l r) Tip = join kx x (filterGt cmplo l) (filterLt cmphi r) hedgeDiff cmplo cmphi t (Bin _ kx _ l r) = merge (hedgeDiff cmplo cmpkx (trim cmplo cmpkx t) l) (hedgeDiff cmpkx cmphi (trim cmpkx cmphi t) r) where cmpkx k = compare kx k -- | /O(n+m)/. Difference with a combining function. -- When two equal keys are -- encountered, the combining function is applied to the values of these keys. -- If it returns 'Nothing', the element is discarded (proper set difference). If -- it returns (@'Just' y@), the element is updated with a new value @y@. -- The implementation uses an efficient /hedge/ algorithm comparable with /hedge-union/. -- -- > let f al ar = if al == "b" then Just (al ++ ":" ++ ar) else Nothing -- > differenceWith f (fromList [(5, "a"), (3, "b")]) (fromList [(5, "A"), (3, "B"), (7, "C")]) -- > == singleton 3 "b:B" differenceWith :: Ord k => (a -> b -> Maybe a) -> Map k a -> Map k b -> Map k a differenceWith f m1 m2 = differenceWithKey (\_ x y -> f x y) m1 m2 -- | /O(n+m)/. Difference with a combining function. When two equal keys are -- encountered, the combining function is applied to the key and both values. -- If it returns 'Nothing', the element is discarded (proper set difference). If -- it returns (@'Just' y@), the element is updated with a new value @y@. -- The implementation uses an efficient /hedge/ algorithm comparable with /hedge-union/. -- -- > let f k al ar = if al == "b" then Just ((show k) ++ ":" ++ al ++ "|" ++ ar) else Nothing -- > differenceWithKey f (fromList [(5, "a"), (3, "b")]) (fromList [(5, "A"), (3, "B"), (10, "C")]) -- > == singleton 3 "3:b|B" differenceWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> b -> Maybe a) -> Map k a -> Map k b -> Map k a differenceWithKey _ Tip _ = Tip differenceWithKey _ t1 Tip = t1 differenceWithKey f t1 t2 = hedgeDiffWithKey f (const LT) (const GT) t1 t2 hedgeDiffWithKey :: Ord a => (a -> b -> c -> Maybe b) -> (a -> Ordering) -> (a -> Ordering) -> Map a b -> Map a c -> Map a b hedgeDiffWithKey _ _ _ Tip _ = Tip hedgeDiffWithKey _ cmplo cmphi (Bin _ kx x l r) Tip = join kx x (filterGt cmplo l) (filterLt cmphi r) hedgeDiffWithKey f cmplo cmphi t (Bin _ kx x l r) = case found of Nothing -> merge tl tr Just (ky,y) -> case f ky y x of Nothing -> merge tl tr Just z -> join ky z tl tr where cmpkx k = compare kx k lt = trim cmplo cmpkx t (found,gt) = trimLookupLo kx cmphi t tl = hedgeDiffWithKey f cmplo cmpkx lt l tr = hedgeDiffWithKey f cmpkx cmphi gt r {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Intersection --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(n+m)/. Intersection of two maps. -- Return data in the first map for the keys existing in both maps. -- (@'intersection' m1 m2 == 'intersectionWith' 'const' m1 m2@). -- -- > intersection (fromList [(5, "a"), (3, "b")]) (fromList [(5, "A"), (7, "C")]) == singleton 5 "a" intersection :: Ord k => Map k a -> Map k b -> Map k a intersection m1 m2 = intersectionWithKey (\_ x _ -> x) m1 m2 -- | /O(n+m)/. Intersection with a combining function. -- -- > intersectionWith (++) (fromList [(5, "a"), (3, "b")]) (fromList [(5, "A"), (7, "C")]) == singleton 5 "aA" intersectionWith :: Ord k => (a -> b -> c) -> Map k a -> Map k b -> Map k c intersectionWith f m1 m2 = intersectionWithKey (\_ x y -> f x y) m1 m2 -- | /O(n+m)/. Intersection with a combining function. -- Intersection is more efficient on (bigset \``intersection`\` smallset). -- -- > let f k al ar = (show k) ++ ":" ++ al ++ "|" ++ ar -- > intersectionWithKey f (fromList [(5, "a"), (3, "b")]) (fromList [(5, "A"), (7, "C")]) == singleton 5 "5:a|A" --intersectionWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> b -> c) -> Map k a -> Map k b -> Map k c --intersectionWithKey f Tip t = Tip --intersectionWithKey f t Tip = Tip --intersectionWithKey f t1 t2 = intersectWithKey f t1 t2 -- --intersectWithKey f Tip t = Tip --intersectWithKey f t Tip = Tip --intersectWithKey f t (Bin _ kx x l r) -- = case found of -- Nothing -> merge tl tr -- Just y -> join kx (f kx y x) tl tr -- where -- (lt,found,gt) = splitLookup kx t -- tl = intersectWithKey f lt l -- tr = intersectWithKey f gt r intersectionWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> b -> c) -> Map k a -> Map k b -> Map k c intersectionWithKey _ Tip _ = Tip intersectionWithKey _ _ Tip = Tip intersectionWithKey f t1@(Bin s1 k1 x1 l1 r1) t2@(Bin s2 k2 x2 l2 r2) = if s1 >= s2 then let (lt,found,gt) = splitLookupWithKey k2 t1 tl = intersectionWithKey f lt l2 tr = intersectionWithKey f gt r2 in case found of Just (k,x) -> join k (f k x x2) tl tr Nothing -> merge tl tr else let (lt,found,gt) = splitLookup k1 t2 tl = intersectionWithKey f l1 lt tr = intersectionWithKey f r1 gt in case found of Just x -> join k1 (f k1 x1 x) tl tr Nothing -> merge tl tr {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Submap --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(n+m)/. -- This function is defined as (@'isSubmapOf' = 'isSubmapOfBy' (==)@). -- isSubmapOf :: (Ord k,Eq a) => Map k a -> Map k a -> Bool isSubmapOf m1 m2 = isSubmapOfBy (==) m1 m2 {- | /O(n+m)/. The expression (@'isSubmapOfBy' f t1 t2@) returns 'True' if all keys in @t1@ are in tree @t2@, and when @f@ returns 'True' when applied to their respective values. For example, the following expressions are all 'True': > isSubmapOfBy (==) (fromList [('a',1)]) (fromList [('a',1),('b',2)]) > isSubmapOfBy (<=) (fromList [('a',1)]) (fromList [('a',1),('b',2)]) > isSubmapOfBy (==) (fromList [('a',1),('b',2)]) (fromList [('a',1),('b',2)]) But the following are all 'False': > isSubmapOfBy (==) (fromList [('a',2)]) (fromList [('a',1),('b',2)]) > isSubmapOfBy (<) (fromList [('a',1)]) (fromList [('a',1),('b',2)]) > isSubmapOfBy (==) (fromList [('a',1),('b',2)]) (fromList [('a',1)]) -} isSubmapOfBy :: Ord k => (a->b->Bool) -> Map k a -> Map k b -> Bool isSubmapOfBy f t1 t2 = (size t1 <= size t2) && (submap' f t1 t2) submap' :: Ord a => (b -> c -> Bool) -> Map a b -> Map a c -> Bool submap' _ Tip _ = True submap' _ _ Tip = False submap' f (Bin _ kx x l r) t = case found of Nothing -> False Just y -> f x y && submap' f l lt && submap' f r gt where (lt,found,gt) = splitLookup kx t -- | /O(n+m)/. Is this a proper submap? (ie. a submap but not equal). -- Defined as (@'isProperSubmapOf' = 'isProperSubmapOfBy' (==)@). isProperSubmapOf :: (Ord k,Eq a) => Map k a -> Map k a -> Bool isProperSubmapOf m1 m2 = isProperSubmapOfBy (==) m1 m2 {- | /O(n+m)/. Is this a proper submap? (ie. a submap but not equal). The expression (@'isProperSubmapOfBy' f m1 m2@) returns 'True' when @m1@ and @m2@ are not equal, all keys in @m1@ are in @m2@, and when @f@ returns 'True' when applied to their respective values. For example, the following expressions are all 'True': > isProperSubmapOfBy (==) (fromList [(1,1)]) (fromList [(1,1),(2,2)]) > isProperSubmapOfBy (<=) (fromList [(1,1)]) (fromList [(1,1),(2,2)]) But the following are all 'False': > isProperSubmapOfBy (==) (fromList [(1,1),(2,2)]) (fromList [(1,1),(2,2)]) > isProperSubmapOfBy (==) (fromList [(1,1),(2,2)]) (fromList [(1,1)]) > isProperSubmapOfBy (<) (fromList [(1,1)]) (fromList [(1,1),(2,2)]) -} isProperSubmapOfBy :: Ord k => (a -> b -> Bool) -> Map k a -> Map k b -> Bool isProperSubmapOfBy f t1 t2 = (size t1 < size t2) && (submap' f t1 t2) {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Filter and partition --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(n)/. Filter all values that satisfy the predicate. -- -- > filter (> "a") (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 3 "b" -- > filter (> "x") (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == empty -- > filter (< "a") (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == empty filter :: Ord k => (a -> Bool) -> Map k a -> Map k a filter p m = filterWithKey (\_ x -> p x) m -- | /O(n)/. Filter all keys\/values that satisfy the predicate. -- -- > filterWithKey (\k _ -> k > 4) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 5 "a" filterWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> Bool) -> Map k a -> Map k a filterWithKey _ Tip = Tip filterWithKey p (Bin _ kx x l r) | p kx x = join kx x (filterWithKey p l) (filterWithKey p r) | otherwise = merge (filterWithKey p l) (filterWithKey p r) -- | /O(n)/. Partition the map according to a predicate. The first -- map contains all elements that satisfy the predicate, the second all -- elements that fail the predicate. See also 'split'. -- -- > partition (> "a") (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (singleton 3 "b", singleton 5 "a") -- > partition (< "x") (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a")], empty) -- > partition (> "x") (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (empty, fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a")]) partition :: Ord k => (a -> Bool) -> Map k a -> (Map k a,Map k a) partition p m = partitionWithKey (\_ x -> p x) m -- | /O(n)/. Partition the map according to a predicate. The first -- map contains all elements that satisfy the predicate, the second all -- elements that fail the predicate. See also 'split'. -- -- > partitionWithKey (\ k _ -> k > 3) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (singleton 5 "a", singleton 3 "b") -- > partitionWithKey (\ k _ -> k < 7) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a")], empty) -- > partitionWithKey (\ k _ -> k > 7) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (empty, fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a")]) partitionWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> Bool) -> Map k a -> (Map k a,Map k a) partitionWithKey _ Tip = (Tip,Tip) partitionWithKey p (Bin _ kx x l r) | p kx x = (join kx x l1 r1,merge l2 r2) | otherwise = (merge l1 r1,join kx x l2 r2) where (l1,l2) = partitionWithKey p l (r1,r2) = partitionWithKey p r -- | /O(n)/. Map values and collect the 'Just' results. -- -- > let f x = if x == "a" then Just "new a" else Nothing -- > mapMaybe f (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 5 "new a" mapMaybe :: Ord k => (a -> Maybe b) -> Map k a -> Map k b mapMaybe f m = mapWithMaybeKey (\_ x -> f x) m -- | /O(n)/. Map keys\/values and collect the 'Just' results. -- -- > let f k _ = if k < 5 then Just ("key : " ++ (show k)) else Nothing -- > mapWithMaybeKey f (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == singleton 3 "key : 3" mapWithMaybeKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> Maybe b) -> Map k a -> Map k b mapWithMaybeKey _ Tip = Tip mapWithMaybeKey f (Bin _ kx x l r) = case f kx x of Just y -> join kx y (mapWithMaybeKey f l) (mapWithMaybeKey f r) Nothing -> merge (mapWithMaybeKey f l) (mapWithMaybeKey f r) -- | /O(n)/. Map values and separate the 'Left' and 'Right' results. -- -- > let f a = if a < "c" then Left a else Right a -- > mapEither f (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (1,"x"), (7,"z")]) -- > == (fromList [(3,"b"), (5,"a")], fromList [(1,"x"), (7,"z")]) -- > -- > mapEither (\ a -> Right a) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (1,"x"), (7,"z")]) -- > == (empty, fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (1,"x"), (7,"z")]) mapEither :: Ord k => (a -> Either b c) -> Map k a -> (Map k b, Map k c) mapEither f m = mapEitherWithKey (\_ x -> f x) m -- | /O(n)/. Map keys\/values and separate the 'Left' and 'Right' results. -- -- > let f k a = if k < 5 then Left (k * 2) else Right (a ++ a) -- > mapEitherWithKey f (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (1,"x"), (7,"z")]) -- > == (fromList [(1,2), (3,6)], fromList [(5,"aa"), (7,"zz")]) -- > -- > mapEitherWithKey (\_ a -> Right a) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (1,"x"), (7,"z")]) -- > == (empty, fromList [(1,"x"), (3,"b"), (5,"a"), (7,"z")]) mapEitherWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> Either b c) -> Map k a -> (Map k b, Map k c) mapEitherWithKey _ Tip = (Tip, Tip) mapEitherWithKey f (Bin _ kx x l r) = case f kx x of Left y -> (join kx y l1 r1, merge l2 r2) Right z -> (merge l1 r1, join kx z l2 r2) where (l1,l2) = mapEitherWithKey f l (r1,r2) = mapEitherWithKey f r {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Mapping --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(n)/. Map a function over all values in the map. -- -- > map (++ "x") (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "bx"), (5, "ax")] map :: (a -> b) -> Map k a -> Map k b map f m = mapWithKey (\_ x -> f x) m -- | /O(n)/. Map a function over all values in the map. -- -- > let f key x = (show key) ++ ":" ++ x -- > mapWithKey f (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(3, "3:b"), (5, "5:a")] mapWithKey :: (k -> a -> b) -> Map k a -> Map k b mapWithKey _ Tip = Tip mapWithKey f (Bin sx kx x l r) = Bin sx kx (f kx x) (mapWithKey f l) (mapWithKey f r) -- | /O(n)/. The function 'mapAccum' threads an accumulating -- argument through the map in ascending order of keys. -- -- > let f a b = (a ++ b, b ++ "X") -- > mapAccum f "Everything: " (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == ("Everything: ba", fromList [(3, "bX"), (5, "aX")]) mapAccum :: (a -> b -> (a,c)) -> a -> Map k b -> (a,Map k c) mapAccum f a m = mapAccumWithKey (\a' _ x' -> f a' x') a m -- | /O(n)/. The function 'mapAccumWithKey' threads an accumulating -- argument through the map in ascending order of keys. -- -- > let f a k b = (a ++ " " ++ (show k) ++ "-" ++ b, b ++ "X") -- > mapAccumWithKey f "Everything:" (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == ("Everything: 3-b 5-a", fromList [(3, "bX"), (5, "aX")]) mapAccumWithKey :: (a -> k -> b -> (a,c)) -> a -> Map k b -> (a,Map k c) mapAccumWithKey f a t = mapAccumL f a t -- | /O(n)/. The function 'mapAccumL' threads an accumulating -- argument throught the map in ascending order of keys. mapAccumL :: (a -> k -> b -> (a,c)) -> a -> Map k b -> (a,Map k c) mapAccumL f a t = case t of Tip -> (a,Tip) Bin sx kx x l r -> let (a1,l') = mapAccumL f a l (a2,x') = f a1 kx x (a3,r') = mapAccumL f a2 r in (a3,Bin sx kx x' l' r') -- | /O(n)/. The function 'mapAccumR' threads an accumulating -- argument through the map in descending order of keys. mapAccumRWithKey :: (a -> k -> b -> (a,c)) -> a -> Map k b -> (a,Map k c) mapAccumRWithKey f a t = case t of Tip -> (a,Tip) Bin sx kx x l r -> let (a1,r') = mapAccumRWithKey f a r (a2,x') = f a1 kx x (a3,l') = mapAccumRWithKey f a2 l in (a3,Bin sx kx x' l' r') -- | /O(n*log n)/. -- @'mapKeys' f s@ is the map obtained by applying @f@ to each key of @s@. -- -- The size of the result may be smaller if @f@ maps two or more distinct -- keys to the same new key. In this case the value at the smallest of -- these keys is retained. -- -- > mapKeys (+ 1) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(4, "b"), (6, "a")] -- > mapKeys (\ _ -> 1) (fromList [(1,"b"), (2,"a"), (3,"d"), (4,"c")]) == singleton 1 "c" -- > mapKeys (\ _ -> 3) (fromList [(1,"b"), (2,"a"), (3,"d"), (4,"c")]) == singleton 3 "c" mapKeys :: Ord k2 => (k1->k2) -> Map k1 a -> Map k2 a mapKeys = mapKeysWith (\x _ -> x) -- | /O(n*log n)/. -- @'mapKeysWith' c f s@ is the map obtained by applying @f@ to each key of @s@. -- -- The size of the result may be smaller if @f@ maps two or more distinct -- keys to the same new key. In this case the associated values will be -- combined using @c@. -- -- > mapKeysWith (++) (\ _ -> 1) (fromList [(1,"b"), (2,"a"), (3,"d"), (4,"c")]) == singleton 1 "cdab" -- > mapKeysWith (++) (\ _ -> 3) (fromList [(1,"b"), (2,"a"), (3,"d"), (4,"c")]) == singleton 3 "cdab" mapKeysWith :: Ord k2 => (a -> a -> a) -> (k1->k2) -> Map k1 a -> Map k2 a mapKeysWith c f = fromListWith c . List.map fFirst . toList where fFirst (x,y) = (f x, y) -- | /O(n)/. -- @'mapKeysMonotonic' f s == 'mapKeys' f s@, but works only when @f@ -- is strictly monotonic. -- That is, for any values @x@ and @y@, if @x@ < @y@ then @f x@ < @f y@. -- /The precondition is not checked./ -- Semi-formally, we have: -- -- > and [x < y ==> f x < f y | x <- ls, y <- ls] -- > ==> mapKeysMonotonic f s == mapKeys f s -- > where ls = keys s -- -- This means that @f@ maps distinct original keys to distinct resulting keys. -- This function has better performance than 'mapKeys'. -- -- > mapKeysMonotonic (\ k -> k * 2) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == fromList [(6, "b"), (10, "a")] -- > valid (mapKeysMonotonic (\ k -> k * 2) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")])) == True -- > valid (mapKeysMonotonic (\ _ -> 1) (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")])) == False mapKeysMonotonic :: (k1->k2) -> Map k1 a -> Map k2 a mapKeysMonotonic _ Tip = Tip mapKeysMonotonic f (Bin sz k x l r) = Bin sz (f k) x (mapKeysMonotonic f l) (mapKeysMonotonic f r) {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Folds --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(n)/. Fold the values in the map, such that -- @'fold' f z == 'Prelude.foldr' f z . 'elems'@. -- For example, -- -- > elems map = fold (:) [] map -- -- > let f a len = len + (length a) -- > fold f 0 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"bbb")]) == 4 fold :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Map k a -> b fold f z m = foldWithKey (\_ x' z' -> f x' z') z m -- | /O(n)/. Fold the keys and values in the map, such that -- @'foldWithKey' f z == 'Prelude.foldr' ('uncurry' f) z . 'toAscList'@. -- For example, -- -- > keys map = foldWithKey (\k x ks -> k:ks) [] map -- -- > let f k a result = result ++ "(" ++ (show k) ++ ":" ++ a ++ ")" -- > foldWithKey f "Map: " (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == "Map: (5:a)(3:b)" -- -- This is identical to 'foldrWithKey', and you should use that one instead of -- this one. This name is kept for backward compatibility. foldWithKey :: (k -> a -> b -> b) -> b -> Map k a -> b foldWithKey f z t = foldrWithKey f z t {- XXX unused code -- | /O(n)/. In-order fold. foldi :: (k -> a -> b -> b -> b) -> b -> Map k a -> b foldi _ z Tip = z foldi f z (Bin _ kx x l r) = f kx x (foldi f z l) (foldi f z r) -} -- | /O(n)/. Post-order fold. The function will be applied from the lowest -- value to the highest. foldrWithKey :: (k -> a -> b -> b) -> b -> Map k a -> b foldrWithKey _ z Tip = z foldrWithKey f z (Bin _ kx x l r) = foldrWithKey f (f kx x (foldrWithKey f z r)) l -- | /O(n)/. Pre-order fold. The function will be applied from the highest -- value to the lowest. foldlWithKey :: (b -> k -> a -> b) -> b -> Map k a -> b foldlWithKey _ z Tip = z foldlWithKey f z (Bin _ kx x l r) = foldlWithKey f (f (foldlWithKey f z l) kx x) r {-------------------------------------------------------------------- List variations --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(n)/. -- Return all elements of the map in the ascending order of their keys. -- -- > elems (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == ["b","a"] -- > elems empty == [] elems :: Map k a -> [a] elems m = [x | (_,x) <- assocs m] -- | /O(n)/. Return all keys of the map in ascending order. -- -- > keys (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == [3,5] -- > keys empty == [] keys :: Map k a -> [k] keys m = [k | (k,_) <- assocs m] -- | /O(n)/. The set of all keys of the map. -- -- > keysSet (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == Data.Set.fromList [3,5] -- > keysSet empty == Data.Set.empty keysSet :: Map k a -> Set.Set k keysSet m = Set.fromDistinctAscList (keys m) -- | /O(n)/. Return all key\/value pairs in the map in ascending key order. -- -- > assocs (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == [(3,"b"), (5,"a")] -- > assocs empty == [] assocs :: Map k a -> [(k,a)] assocs m = toList m {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Lists use [foldlStrict] to reduce demand on the control-stack --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(n*log n)/. Build a map from a list of key\/value pairs. See also 'fromAscList'. -- If the list contains more than one value for the same key, the last value -- for the key is retained. -- -- > fromList [] == empty -- > fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (5, "c")] == fromList [(5,"c"), (3,"b")] -- > fromList [(5,"c"), (3,"b"), (5, "a")] == fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")] fromList :: Ord k => [(k,a)] -> Map k a fromList xs = foldlStrict ins empty xs where ins t (k,x) = insert k x t -- | /O(n*log n)/. Build a map from a list of key\/value pairs with a combining function. See also 'fromAscListWith'. -- -- > fromListWith (++) [(5,"a"), (5,"b"), (3,"b"), (3,"a"), (5,"a")] == fromList [(3, "ab"), (5, "aba")] -- > fromListWith (++) [] == empty fromListWith :: Ord k => (a -> a -> a) -> [(k,a)] -> Map k a fromListWith f xs = fromListWithKey (\_ x y -> f x y) xs -- | /O(n*log n)/. Build a map from a list of key\/value pairs with a combining function. See also 'fromAscListWithKey'. -- -- > let f k a1 a2 = (show k) ++ a1 ++ a2 -- > fromListWithKey f [(5,"a"), (5,"b"), (3,"b"), (3,"a"), (5,"a")] == fromList [(3, "3ab"), (5, "5a5ba")] -- > fromListWithKey f [] == empty fromListWithKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> a -> a) -> [(k,a)] -> Map k a fromListWithKey f xs = foldlStrict ins empty xs where ins t (k,x) = insertWithKey f k x t -- | /O(n)/. Convert to a list of key\/value pairs. -- -- > toList (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == [(3,"b"), (5,"a")] -- > toList empty == [] toList :: Map k a -> [(k,a)] toList t = toAscList t -- | /O(n)/. Convert to an ascending list. -- -- > toAscList (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == [(3,"b"), (5,"a")] toAscList :: Map k a -> [(k,a)] toAscList t = foldrWithKey (\k x xs -> (k,x):xs) [] t -- | /O(n)/. Convert to a descending list. toDescList :: Map k a -> [(k,a)] toDescList t = foldlWithKey (\xs k x -> (k,x):xs) [] t {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Building trees from ascending/descending lists can be done in linear time. Note that if [xs] is ascending that: fromAscList xs == fromList xs fromAscListWith f xs == fromListWith f xs --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(n)/. Build a map from an ascending list in linear time. -- /The precondition (input list is ascending) is not checked./ -- -- > fromAscList [(3,"b"), (5,"a")] == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a")] -- > fromAscList [(3,"b"), (5,"a"), (5,"b")] == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "b")] -- > valid (fromAscList [(3,"b"), (5,"a"), (5,"b")]) == True -- > valid (fromAscList [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (5,"b")]) == False fromAscList :: Eq k => [(k,a)] -> Map k a fromAscList xs = fromAscListWithKey (\_ x _ -> x) xs -- | /O(n)/. Build a map from an ascending list in linear time with a combining function for equal keys. -- /The precondition (input list is ascending) is not checked./ -- -- > fromAscListWith (++) [(3,"b"), (5,"a"), (5,"b")] == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "ba")] -- > valid (fromAscListWith (++) [(3,"b"), (5,"a"), (5,"b")]) == True -- > valid (fromAscListWith (++) [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (5,"b")]) == False fromAscListWith :: Eq k => (a -> a -> a) -> [(k,a)] -> Map k a fromAscListWith f xs = fromAscListWithKey (\_ x y -> f x y) xs -- | /O(n)/. Build a map from an ascending list in linear time with a -- combining function for equal keys. -- /The precondition (input list is ascending) is not checked./ -- -- > let f k a1 a2 = (show k) ++ ":" ++ a1 ++ a2 -- > fromAscListWithKey f [(3,"b"), (5,"a"), (5,"b"), (5,"b")] == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "5:b5:ba")] -- > valid (fromAscListWithKey f [(3,"b"), (5,"a"), (5,"b"), (5,"b")]) == True -- > valid (fromAscListWithKey f [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (5,"b"), (5,"b")]) == False fromAscListWithKey :: Eq k => (k -> a -> a -> a) -> [(k,a)] -> Map k a fromAscListWithKey f xs = fromDistinctAscList (combineEq f xs) where -- [combineEq f xs] combines equal elements with function [f] in an ordered list [xs] combineEq _ xs' = case xs' of [] -> [] [x] -> [x] (x:xx) -> combineEq' x xx combineEq' z [] = [z] combineEq' z@(kz,zz) (x@(kx,xx):xs') | kx==kz = let yy = f kx xx zz in combineEq' (kx,yy) xs' | otherwise = z:combineEq' x xs' -- | /O(n)/. Build a map from an ascending list of distinct elements in linear time. -- /The precondition is not checked./ -- -- > fromDistinctAscList [(3,"b"), (5,"a")] == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "a")] -- > valid (fromDistinctAscList [(3,"b"), (5,"a")]) == True -- > valid (fromDistinctAscList [(3,"b"), (5,"a"), (5,"b")]) == False fromDistinctAscList :: [(k,a)] -> Map k a fromDistinctAscList xs = build const (length xs) xs where -- 1) use continutations so that we use heap space instead of stack space. -- 2) special case for n==5 to build bushier trees. build c 0 xs' = c Tip xs' build c 5 xs' = case xs' of ((k1,x1):(k2,x2):(k3,x3):(k4,x4):(k5,x5):xx) -> c (bin k4 x4 (bin k2 x2 (singleton k1 x1) (singleton k3 x3)) (singleton k5 x5)) xx _ -> error "fromDistinctAscList build" build c n xs' = seq nr $ build (buildR nr c) nl xs' where nl = n `div` 2 nr = n - nl - 1 buildR n c l ((k,x):ys) = build (buildB l k x c) n ys buildR _ _ _ [] = error "fromDistinctAscList buildR []" buildB l k x c r zs = c (bin k x l r) zs {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Utility functions that return sub-ranges of the original tree. Some functions take a comparison function as argument to allow comparisons against infinite values. A function [cmplo k] should be read as [compare lo k]. [trim cmplo cmphi t] A tree that is either empty or where [cmplo k == LT] and [cmphi k == GT] for the key [k] of the root. [filterGt cmp t] A tree where for all keys [k]. [cmp k == LT] [filterLt cmp t] A tree where for all keys [k]. [cmp k == GT] [split k t] Returns two trees [l] and [r] where all keys in [l] are <[k] and all keys in [r] are >[k]. [splitLookup k t] Just like [split] but also returns whether [k] was found in the tree. --------------------------------------------------------------------} {-------------------------------------------------------------------- [trim lo hi t] trims away all subtrees that surely contain no values between the range [lo] to [hi]. The returned tree is either empty or the key of the root is between @lo@ and @hi@. --------------------------------------------------------------------} trim :: (k -> Ordering) -> (k -> Ordering) -> Map k a -> Map k a trim _ _ Tip = Tip trim cmplo cmphi t@(Bin _ kx _ l r) = case cmplo kx of LT -> case cmphi kx of GT -> t _ -> trim cmplo cmphi l _ -> trim cmplo cmphi r trimLookupLo :: Ord k => k -> (k -> Ordering) -> Map k a -> (Maybe (k,a), Map k a) trimLookupLo _ _ Tip = (Nothing,Tip) trimLookupLo lo cmphi t@(Bin _ kx x l r) = case compare lo kx of LT -> case cmphi kx of GT -> (lookupAssoc lo t, t) _ -> trimLookupLo lo cmphi l GT -> trimLookupLo lo cmphi r EQ -> (Just (kx,x),trim (compare lo) cmphi r) {-------------------------------------------------------------------- [filterGt k t] filter all keys >[k] from tree [t] [filterLt k t] filter all keys <[k] from tree [t] --------------------------------------------------------------------} filterGt :: Ord k => (k -> Ordering) -> Map k a -> Map k a filterGt _ Tip = Tip filterGt cmp (Bin _ kx x l r) = case cmp kx of LT -> join kx x (filterGt cmp l) r GT -> filterGt cmp r EQ -> r filterLt :: Ord k => (k -> Ordering) -> Map k a -> Map k a filterLt _ Tip = Tip filterLt cmp (Bin _ kx x l r) = case cmp kx of LT -> filterLt cmp l GT -> join kx x l (filterLt cmp r) EQ -> l {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Split --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(log n)/. The expression (@'split' k map@) is a pair @(map1,map2)@ where -- the keys in @map1@ are smaller than @k@ and the keys in @map2@ larger than @k@. -- Any key equal to @k@ is found in neither @map1@ nor @map2@. -- -- > split 2 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (empty, fromList [(3,"b"), (5,"a")]) -- > split 3 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (empty, singleton 5 "a") -- > split 4 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (singleton 3 "b", singleton 5 "a") -- > split 5 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (singleton 3 "b", empty) -- > split 6 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (fromList [(3,"b"), (5,"a")], empty) split :: Ord k => k -> Map k a -> (Map k a,Map k a) split _ Tip = (Tip,Tip) split k (Bin _ kx x l r) = case compare k kx of LT -> let (lt,gt) = split k l in (lt,join kx x gt r) GT -> let (lt,gt) = split k r in (join kx x l lt,gt) EQ -> (l,r) -- | /O(log n)/. The expression (@'splitLookup' k map@) splits a map just -- like 'split' but also returns @'lookup' k map@. -- -- > splitLookup 2 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (empty, Nothing, fromList [(3,"b"), (5,"a")]) -- > splitLookup 3 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (empty, Just "b", singleton 5 "a") -- > splitLookup 4 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (singleton 3 "b", Nothing, singleton 5 "a") -- > splitLookup 5 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (singleton 3 "b", Just "a", empty) -- > splitLookup 6 (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == (fromList [(3,"b"), (5,"a")], Nothing, empty) splitLookup :: Ord k => k -> Map k a -> (Map k a,Maybe a,Map k a) splitLookup _ Tip = (Tip,Nothing,Tip) splitLookup k (Bin _ kx x l r) = case compare k kx of LT -> let (lt,z,gt) = splitLookup k l in (lt,z,join kx x gt r) GT -> let (lt,z,gt) = splitLookup k r in (join kx x l lt,z,gt) EQ -> (l,Just x,r) -- | /O(log n)/. splitLookupWithKey :: Ord k => k -> Map k a -> (Map k a,Maybe (k,a),Map k a) splitLookupWithKey _ Tip = (Tip,Nothing,Tip) splitLookupWithKey k (Bin _ kx x l r) = case compare k kx of LT -> let (lt,z,gt) = splitLookupWithKey k l in (lt,z,join kx x gt r) GT -> let (lt,z,gt) = splitLookupWithKey k r in (join kx x l lt,z,gt) EQ -> (l,Just (kx, x),r) {- XXX unused code -- | /O(log n)/. Performs a 'split' but also returns whether the pivot -- element was found in the original set. splitMember :: Ord k => k -> Map k a -> (Map k a,Bool,Map k a) splitMember x t = let (l,m,r) = splitLookup x t in (l,maybe False (const True) m,r) -} {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Utility functions that maintain the balance properties of the tree. All constructors assume that all values in [l] < [k] and all values in [r] > [k], and that [l] and [r] are valid trees. In order of sophistication: [Bin sz k x l r] The type constructor. [bin k x l r] Maintains the correct size, assumes that both [l] and [r] are balanced with respect to each other. [balance k x l r] Restores the balance and size. Assumes that the original tree was balanced and that [l] or [r] has changed by at most one element. [join k x l r] Restores balance and size. Furthermore, we can construct a new tree from two trees. Both operations assume that all values in [l] < all values in [r] and that [l] and [r] are valid: [glue l r] Glues [l] and [r] together. Assumes that [l] and [r] are already balanced with respect to each other. [merge l r] Merges two trees and restores balance. Note: in contrast to Adam's paper, we use (<=) comparisons instead of (<) comparisons in [join], [merge] and [balance]. Quickcheck (on [difference]) showed that this was necessary in order to maintain the invariants. It is quite unsatisfactory that I haven't been able to find out why this is actually the case! Fortunately, it doesn't hurt to be a bit more conservative. --------------------------------------------------------------------} {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Join --------------------------------------------------------------------} join :: Ord k => k -> a -> Map k a -> Map k a -> Map k a join kx x Tip r = insertMin kx x r join kx x l Tip = insertMax kx x l join kx x l@(Bin sizeL ky y ly ry) r@(Bin sizeR kz z lz rz) | delta*sizeL <= sizeR = balance kz z (join kx x l lz) rz | delta*sizeR <= sizeL = balance ky y ly (join kx x ry r) | otherwise = bin kx x l r -- insertMin and insertMax don't perform potentially expensive comparisons. insertMax,insertMin :: k -> a -> Map k a -> Map k a insertMax kx x t = case t of Tip -> singleton kx x Bin _ ky y l r -> balance ky y l (insertMax kx x r) insertMin kx x t = case t of Tip -> singleton kx x Bin _ ky y l r -> balance ky y (insertMin kx x l) r {-------------------------------------------------------------------- [merge l r]: merges two trees. --------------------------------------------------------------------} merge :: Map k a -> Map k a -> Map k a merge Tip r = r merge l Tip = l merge l@(Bin sizeL kx x lx rx) r@(Bin sizeR ky y ly ry) | delta*sizeL <= sizeR = balance ky y (merge l ly) ry | delta*sizeR <= sizeL = balance kx x lx (merge rx r) | otherwise = glue l r {-------------------------------------------------------------------- [glue l r]: glues two trees together. Assumes that [l] and [r] are already balanced with respect to each other. --------------------------------------------------------------------} glue :: Map k a -> Map k a -> Map k a glue Tip r = r glue l Tip = l glue l r | size l > size r = let ((km,m),l') = deleteFindMax l in balance km m l' r | otherwise = let ((km,m),r') = deleteFindMin r in balance km m l r' -- | /O(log n)/. Delete and find the minimal element. -- -- > deleteFindMin (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (10,"c")]) == ((3,"b"), fromList[(5,"a"), (10,"c")]) -- > deleteFindMin Error: can not return the minimal element of an empty map deleteFindMin :: Map k a -> ((k,a),Map k a) deleteFindMin t = case t of Bin _ k x Tip r -> ((k,x),r) Bin _ k x l r -> let (km,l') = deleteFindMin l in (km,balance k x l' r) Tip -> (error "Map.deleteFindMin: can not return the minimal element of an empty map", Tip) -- | /O(log n)/. Delete and find the maximal element. -- -- > deleteFindMax (fromList [(5,"a"), (3,"b"), (10,"c")]) == ((10,"c"), fromList [(3,"b"), (5,"a")]) -- > deleteFindMax empty Error: can not return the maximal element of an empty map deleteFindMax :: Map k a -> ((k,a),Map k a) deleteFindMax t = case t of Bin _ k x l Tip -> ((k,x),l) Bin _ k x l r -> let (km,r') = deleteFindMax r in (km,balance k x l r') Tip -> (error "Map.deleteFindMax: can not return the maximal element of an empty map", Tip) {-------------------------------------------------------------------- [balance l x r] balances two trees with value x. The sizes of the trees should balance after decreasing the size of one of them. (a rotation). [delta] is the maximal relative difference between the sizes of two trees, it corresponds with the [w] in Adams' paper. [ratio] is the ratio between an outer and inner sibling of the heavier subtree in an unbalanced setting. It determines whether a double or single rotation should be performed to restore balance. It is correspondes with the inverse of $\alpha$ in Adam's article. Note that: - [delta] should be larger than 4.646 with a [ratio] of 2. - [delta] should be larger than 3.745 with a [ratio] of 1.534. - A lower [delta] leads to a more 'perfectly' balanced tree. - A higher [delta] performs less rebalancing. - Balancing is automatic for random data and a balancing scheme is only necessary to avoid pathological worst cases. Almost any choice will do, and in practice, a rather large [delta] may perform better than smaller one. Note: in contrast to Adam's paper, we use a ratio of (at least) [2] to decide whether a single or double rotation is needed. Allthough he actually proves that this ratio is needed to maintain the invariants, his implementation uses an invalid ratio of [1]. --------------------------------------------------------------------} delta,ratio :: Int delta = 5 ratio = 2 balance :: k -> a -> Map k a -> Map k a -> Map k a balance k x l r | sizeL + sizeR <= 1 = Bin sizeX k x l r | sizeR >= delta*sizeL = rotateL k x l r | sizeL >= delta*sizeR = rotateR k x l r | otherwise = Bin sizeX k x l r where sizeL = size l sizeR = size r sizeX = sizeL + sizeR + 1 -- rotate rotateL :: a -> b -> Map a b -> Map a b -> Map a b rotateL k x l r@(Bin _ _ _ ly ry) | size ly < ratio*size ry = singleL k x l r | otherwise = doubleL k x l r rotateL _ _ _ Tip = error "rotateL Tip" rotateR :: a -> b -> Map a b -> Map a b -> Map a b rotateR k x l@(Bin _ _ _ ly ry) r | size ry < ratio*size ly = singleR k x l r | otherwise = doubleR k x l r rotateR _ _ Tip _ = error "rotateR Tip" -- basic rotations singleL, singleR :: a -> b -> Map a b -> Map a b -> Map a b singleL k1 x1 t1 (Bin _ k2 x2 t2 t3) = bin k2 x2 (bin k1 x1 t1 t2) t3 singleL _ _ _ Tip = error "singleL Tip" singleR k1 x1 (Bin _ k2 x2 t1 t2) t3 = bin k2 x2 t1 (bin k1 x1 t2 t3) singleR _ _ Tip _ = error "singleR Tip" doubleL, doubleR :: a -> b -> Map a b -> Map a b -> Map a b doubleL k1 x1 t1 (Bin _ k2 x2 (Bin _ k3 x3 t2 t3) t4) = bin k3 x3 (bin k1 x1 t1 t2) (bin k2 x2 t3 t4) doubleL _ _ _ _ = error "doubleL" doubleR k1 x1 (Bin _ k2 x2 t1 (Bin _ k3 x3 t2 t3)) t4 = bin k3 x3 (bin k2 x2 t1 t2) (bin k1 x1 t3 t4) doubleR _ _ _ _ = error "doubleR" {-------------------------------------------------------------------- The bin constructor maintains the size of the tree --------------------------------------------------------------------} bin :: k -> a -> Map k a -> Map k a -> Map k a bin k x l r = Bin (size l + size r + 1) k x l r {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq converts the tree to a list. In a lazy setting, this actually seems one of the faster methods to compare two trees and it is certainly the simplest :-) --------------------------------------------------------------------} instance (Eq k,Eq a) => Eq (Map k a) where t1 == t2 = (size t1 == size t2) && (toAscList t1 == toAscList t2) {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Ord --------------------------------------------------------------------} instance (Ord k, Ord v) => Ord (Map k v) where compare m1 m2 = compare (toAscList m1) (toAscList m2) {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Functor --------------------------------------------------------------------} instance Functor (Map k) where fmap f m = map f m instance Traversable (Map k) where traverse _ Tip = pure Tip traverse f (Bin s k v l r) = flip (Bin s k) <$> traverse f l <*> f v <*> traverse f r instance Foldable (Map k) where foldMap _f Tip = mempty foldMap f (Bin _s _k v l r) = foldMap f l `mappend` f v `mappend` foldMap f r {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Read --------------------------------------------------------------------} instance (Ord k, Read k, Read e) => Read (Map k e) where #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ readPrec = parens $ prec 10 $ do Ident "fromList" <- lexP xs <- readPrec return (fromList xs) readListPrec = readListPrecDefault #else readsPrec p = readParen (p > 10) $ \ r -> do ("fromList",s) <- lex r (xs,t) <- reads s return (fromList xs,t) #endif {- XXX unused code -- parses a pair of things with the syntax a:=b readPair :: (Read a, Read b) => ReadS (a,b) readPair s = do (a, ct1) <- reads s (":=", ct2) <- lex ct1 (b, ct3) <- reads ct2 return ((a,b), ct3) -} {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Show --------------------------------------------------------------------} instance (Show k, Show a) => Show (Map k a) where showsPrec d m = showParen (d > 10) $ showString "fromList " . shows (toList m) {- XXX unused code showMap :: (Show k,Show a) => [(k,a)] -> ShowS showMap [] = showString "{}" showMap (x:xs) = showChar '{' . showElem x . showTail xs where showTail [] = showChar '}' showTail (x':xs') = showString ", " . showElem x' . showTail xs' showElem (k,x') = shows k . showString " := " . shows x' -} -- | /O(n)/. Show the tree that implements the map. The tree is shown -- in a compressed, hanging format. See 'showTreeWith'. showTree :: (Show k,Show a) => Map k a -> String showTree m = showTreeWith showElem True False m where showElem k x = show k ++ ":=" ++ show x {- | /O(n)/. The expression (@'showTreeWith' showelem hang wide map@) shows the tree that implements the map. Elements are shown using the @showElem@ function. If @hang@ is 'True', a /hanging/ tree is shown otherwise a rotated tree is shown. If @wide@ is 'True', an extra wide version is shown. > Map> let t = fromDistinctAscList [(x,()) | x <- [1..5]] > Map> putStrLn $ showTreeWith (\k x -> show (k,x)) True False t > (4,()) > +--(2,()) > | +--(1,()) > | +--(3,()) > +--(5,()) > > Map> putStrLn $ showTreeWith (\k x -> show (k,x)) True True t > (4,()) > | > +--(2,()) > | | > | +--(1,()) > | | > | +--(3,()) > | > +--(5,()) > > Map> putStrLn $ showTreeWith (\k x -> show (k,x)) False True t > +--(5,()) > | > (4,()) > | > | +--(3,()) > | | > +--(2,()) > | > +--(1,()) -} showTreeWith :: (k -> a -> String) -> Bool -> Bool -> Map k a -> String showTreeWith showelem hang wide t | hang = (showsTreeHang showelem wide [] t) "" | otherwise = (showsTree showelem wide [] [] t) "" showsTree :: (k -> a -> String) -> Bool -> [String] -> [String] -> Map k a -> ShowS showsTree showelem wide lbars rbars t = case t of Tip -> showsBars lbars . showString "|\n" Bin _ kx x Tip Tip -> showsBars lbars . showString (showelem kx x) . showString "\n" Bin _ kx x l r -> showsTree showelem wide (withBar rbars) (withEmpty rbars) r . showWide wide rbars . showsBars lbars . showString (showelem kx x) . showString "\n" . showWide wide lbars . showsTree showelem wide (withEmpty lbars) (withBar lbars) l showsTreeHang :: (k -> a -> String) -> Bool -> [String] -> Map k a -> ShowS showsTreeHang showelem wide bars t = case t of Tip -> showsBars bars . showString "|\n" Bin _ kx x Tip Tip -> showsBars bars . showString (showelem kx x) . showString "\n" Bin _ kx x l r -> showsBars bars . showString (showelem kx x) . showString "\n" . showWide wide bars . showsTreeHang showelem wide (withBar bars) l . showWide wide bars . showsTreeHang showelem wide (withEmpty bars) r showWide :: Bool -> [String] -> String -> String showWide wide bars | wide = showString (concat (reverse bars)) . showString "|\n" | otherwise = id showsBars :: [String] -> ShowS showsBars bars = case bars of [] -> id _ -> showString (concat (reverse (tail bars))) . showString node node :: String node = "+--" withBar, withEmpty :: [String] -> [String] withBar bars = "| ":bars withEmpty bars = " ":bars {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Typeable --------------------------------------------------------------------} #include "Typeable.h" INSTANCE_TYPEABLE2(Map,mapTc,"Map") {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Assertions --------------------------------------------------------------------} -- | /O(n)/. Test if the internal map structure is valid. -- -- > valid (fromAscList [(3,"b"), (5,"a")]) == True -- > valid (fromAscList [(5,"a"), (3,"b")]) == False valid :: Ord k => Map k a -> Bool valid t = balanced t && ordered t && validsize t ordered :: Ord a => Map a b -> Bool ordered t = bounded (const True) (const True) t where bounded lo hi t' = case t' of Tip -> True Bin _ kx _ l r -> (lo kx) && (hi kx) && bounded lo (<kx) l && bounded (>kx) hi r -- | Exported only for "Debug.QuickCheck" balanced :: Map k a -> Bool balanced t = case t of Tip -> True Bin _ _ _ l r -> (size l + size r <= 1 || (size l <= delta*size r && size r <= delta*size l)) && balanced l && balanced r validsize :: Map a b -> Bool validsize t = (realsize t == Just (size t)) where realsize t' = case t' of Tip -> Just 0 Bin sz _ _ l r -> case (realsize l,realsize r) of (Just n,Just m) | n+m+1 == sz -> Just sz _ -> Nothing {-------------------------------------------------------------------- Utilities --------------------------------------------------------------------} foldlStrict :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> [b] -> a foldlStrict f z xs = case xs of [] -> z (x:xx) -> let z' = f z x in seq z' (foldlStrict f z' xx) unionWithMaybe :: Ord k => (a -> a -> Maybe a) -> Map k a -> Map k a -> Map k a unionWithMaybe f m1 m2 = unionWithMaybeKey (\_ x y -> f x y) m1 m2 -- | /O(n+m)/. -- Union with a combining function. The implementation uses the efficient /hedge-union/ algorithm. -- Hedge-union is more efficient on (bigset \``union`\` smallset). -- -- > let f key left_value right_value = (show key) ++ ":" ++ left_value ++ "|" ++ right_value -- > unionWithKey f (fromList [(5, "a"), (3, "b")]) (fromList [(5, "A"), (7, "C")]) == fromList [(3, "b"), (5, "5:a|A"), (7, "C")] unionWithMaybeKey :: Ord k => (k -> a -> a -> Maybe a) -> Map k a -> Map k a -> Map k a unionWithMaybeKey _ Tip t2 = t2 unionWithMaybeKey _ t1 Tip = t1 unionWithMaybeKey f t1 t2 = hedgeUnionWithMaybeKey f (const LT) (const GT) t1 t2 hedgeUnionWithMaybeKey :: Ord a => (a -> b -> b -> Maybe b) -> (a -> Ordering) -> (a -> Ordering) -> Map a b -> Map a b -> Map a b hedgeUnionWithMaybeKey _ _ _ t1 Tip = t1 hedgeUnionWithMaybeKey _ cmplo cmphi Tip (Bin _ kx x l r) = join kx x (filterGt cmplo l) (filterLt cmphi r) hedgeUnionWithMaybeKey f cmplo cmphi (Bin _ kx x l r) t2 = case newx of Nothing -> merge (hedgeUnionWithMaybeKey f cmplo cmpkx l lt) (hedgeUnionWithMaybeKey f cmpkx cmphi r gt) (Just nx) -> join kx nx (hedgeUnionWithMaybeKey f cmplo cmpkx l lt) (hedgeUnionWithMaybeKey f cmpkx cmphi r gt) where cmpkx k = compare kx k lt = trim cmplo cmpkx t2 (found,gt) = trimLookupLo kx cmphi t2 newx = case found of Nothing -> Just x Just (_,y) -> f kx x y

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Proposal: Add Chris Done's "om" combinator to Control.Monad
by John Wiegley 26 Jul '13

26 Jul '13

The function is: om f m = (m >>=) . flip f Allowing this typical usage: om when (return True) $ print "Hello" Thus, it allows one to do away with the monadic variants of pure functions, such as "whenM", "unlessM", etc.: whenM = om when unlessM = om unless "om" gets even more handy when you want to apply a monadic function to a monadic value in yet another monad: >>> om for_ (return (Just True)) print True Rather than the typical (which I must have written hundreds of times by now): mx <- return (Just x) for_ mx $ \x -> {- use x... -} A rider to this proposal is to also add "nom = flip om", but I can live without that one. "om", however, is handy enough that I've started locally defining in all the modules where I find myself now reaching for it. -- John Wiegley FP Complete Haskell tools, training and consulting http://fpcomplete.com johnw on #haskell/irc.freenode.net

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Monad instance for Monoid e => (,) e
by Nathan van Doorn 26 Jul '13

26 Jul '13

This is a relatively simple instance, so I was surprised that I couldn't find it in base. My proposal is to add the instance to Control.Monad.Instances, undeprecating the module.

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Re: Proposal: Add Chris Done's "om" combinator to Control.Monad
by Stephen Tetley 26 Jul '13

26 Jul '13

Um (-1)... This just looks like a synthetic combinator to me (cue the arbitrary name). Naturally it can make some code shorter (that's the point of combinators) but I have reservations that the code is significantly clearer, more appealing.

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Data.Foldable causes missed foldr/build opportunities
by Gabriel Gonzalez 26 Jul '13

26 Jul '13

I'm now in favor of the `Data.Foldable` proposal, but I just wanted to mention that the proposal needs to include some extra pragma work to ensure that build/foldr optimizations fire. I was just experimenting with the following combinator for `pipes` trying out the following two versions: each :: (Monad m) => [a] -> Producer a m () each = mapM yield each :: (Monad m, Foldable f) => f a -> Producer a m () each = Data.Foldable.mapM yield When I do a pure `pipes`-based fold over both `Producers`s, the version specialized to lists triggers a firing of the build/foldr fusion rule and runs about 20% faster. The true improvement for `mapM` by itself is probably even greater than that because I haven't optimized the folding code yet. The latter version does not trigger the rule firing. Either way I'm going to include the latter `Foldable` version but I just wanted to mention this because I remember people were asking if this would impact fusion or not.

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Install cabal-install without root
by harry 25 Jul '13

25 Jul '13

I'm trying to bootstrap cabal-install on a shared system where I don't have root access. It got stuck on: Linking Setup ... Configuring zlib-0.5.4.0... Setup: Missing dependency on a foreign library: * Missing (or bad) header file: zlib.h * Missing C library: z This problem can usually be solved by installing the system package that provides this library (you may need the "-dev" version). If the library is already installed but in a non-standard location then you can use the flags --extra-include-dirs= and --extra-lib-dirs= to specify where it is. So I unpacked zlib-dev into my home dir, and pointed $LIBRARY_PATH to it, but I'm still getting the same error. Do I need to modify the .cabal file for every package that I'm trying to install, or is there some way of telling it globally where to find libraries on non-standard paths? -- View this message in context: http://haskell.1045720.n5.nabble.com/Install-cabal-install-without-root-tp5… Sent from the Haskell - Libraries mailing list archive at Nabble.com.

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Re: ListT proposal for `transformers`
by Gabriel Gonzalez 21 Jul '13

21 Jul '13

> It seems there are 140 packages on hackage using ListT (which surprised > me, given its flaws), so I don't think we can quickly remove it from > transformers or re-implement it under the same name Don't worry. I've decided to keep it under `pipes` anyway. It seems like a more natural fit for it to be in `pipes` because it is otherwise very hard to build or consume `ListT`-done-right computations. So consider this proposal to be retracted.

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ANN: data-fin
by wren ng thornton 21 Jul '13

21 Jul '13

-------------------------------------------- -- data-fin 0.1.0 -------------------------------------------- The data-fin package offers the family of totally ordered finite sets, implemented as newtypes of Integer, etc. Thus, you get all the joys of: data Nat = Zero | Succ !Nat data Fin :: Nat -> * where FZero :: (n::Nat) -> Fin (Succ n) FSucc :: (n::Nat) -> Fin n -> Fun (Succ n) But with the efficiency of native types instead of unary encodings. -------------------------------------------- -- Notes -------------------------------------------- I wrote this package for a linear algebra system I've been working on, but it should also be useful for folks working on Agda, Idris, etc, who want something more efficient to compile down to in Haskell. The package is still highly experimental, and I welcome any and all feedback. Note that we implement type-level numbers using [1] and [2], which works fairly well, but not as nicely as true dependent types since we can't express certain typeclass entailments. Once the constraint solver for type-level natural numbers becomes available, we'll switch over to using that. [1] Oleg Kiselyov and Chung-chieh Shan. (2007) Lightweight static resources: Sexy types for embedded and systems programming. Proc. Trends in Functional Programming. New York, 2--4 April 2007. http://okmij.org/ftp/Haskell/types.html#binary-arithm [2] Oleg Kiselyov and Chung-chieh Shan. (2004) Implicit configurations: or, type classes reflect the values of types. Proc. ACM SIGPLAN 2004 workshop on Haskell. Snowbird, Utah, USA, 22 September 2004. pp.33--44. http://okmij.org/ftp/Haskell/types.html#Prepose -------------------------------------------- -- Links -------------------------------------------- Homepage: http://code.haskell.org/~wren/ Hackage: http://hackage.haskell.org/package/data-fin Darcs: http://community.haskell.org/~wren/data-fin Haddock (Darcs version): http://community.haskell.org/~wren/data-fin/dist/doc/html/data-fin -- Live well, ~wren

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ListT proposal for `transformers`
by Gabriel Gonzalez 21 Jul '13

21 Jul '13

I've been working on a "ListT done right" for submission into `transformers`. I could split it off into its own package, but I would like to first run it by you all, particularly Ross, to see if this can be included this in `transformers` because I feel that `transformers` is where this belongs. I've lpasted the implementation here: http://lpaste.net/90890 I've written it to follow the spirit of the `transformers` library as closely as possible, both in API, documentation, and source code style. I'm fine with either replacing the old `ListT` implementation or providing both. I'll leave it to you guys to make the call on that. As long as the correct version is in `transformers` somewhere then I'm happy. If I *had* to pick a side, I suppose I would favor replacing the old one. Also, any suggestions for changes are welcome, particularly if they improve the likelihood of this getting into `transformers`.

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