Oops, I wrote: fromUTF8 (w:ws) | w < 0x80 {- 0xxxxxxx -} = toEnum (fromEnum w) : fromUTF8 ws | w >= 0xc0 {- 1111110x -} = bytes 5 (fromEnum (w`mask`0x01)) ws | w >= 0xe0 {- 111110xx -} = bytes 4 (fromEnum (w`mask`0x03)) ws | w >= 0xf0 {- 11110xxx -} = bytes 3 (fromEnum (w`mask`0x07)) ws | w >= 0xf8 {- 1110xxxx -} = bytes 2 (fromEnum (w`mask`0x0f)) ws | w >= 0xfc {- 110xxxxx -} = bytes 1 (fromEnum (w`mask`0x1f)) ws which should of course have been fromUTF8 (w:ws) | w < 0x80 {- 0xxxxxxx -} = toEnum (fromEnum w) : fromUTF8 ws | w >= 0xfc {- 1111110x -} = bytes 5 (fromEnum (w`mask`0x01)) ws | w >= 0xf8 {- 111110xx -} = bytes 4 (fromEnum (w`mask`0x03)) ws | w >= 0xf0 {- 11110xxx -} = bytes 3 (fromEnum (w`mask`0x07)) ws | w >= 0xe0 {- 1110xxxx -} = bytes 2 (fromEnum (w`mask`0x0f)) ws | w >= 0xc0 {- 110xxxxx -} = bytes 1 (fromEnum (w`mask`0x1f)) ws Regards, Malcolm