- Haskell-Cafe - Haskell.org

Functional dependencies with Type Classes
by Henning Günther 31 Mar '08

31 Mar '08

Hi, suppose there are two (identical) classes: > class Res a b | a -> b where > getRes :: a -> b and > class Res2 t where > type Member t > getRes2 :: t -> Member t It is easy to automatically make every instance of Res2 an instance of res: > instance Res2 a => Res a (Member a) where > getRes x = getRes2 x However, declaring every instance of Res an instance of Res2 seems impossible, as the following doesn't compile > instance Res a b => Res2 a where > type Member a = b > getRes2 x = getRes x Question is: How to do this? The reason I need it is because I use a library which uses functional dependencies, but my classes shall be type families. Regards, Henning

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Monad instance for Data.Set
by oleg＠okmij.org 31 Mar '08

31 Mar '08

The following code solves exactly the problem of implementing (restricted) MonadPlus in terms of Data.Set: http://okmij.org/ftp/Haskell/DoRestrictedM.hs The code is written to demonstrate the do-notation. We write the monadic code as usual: > test1s_do () = do > x <- return "a" > return $ "b" ++ x and then instantiate it for Maybe String: > test1sr_do :: Maybe String > test1sr_do = unRM $ test1s_do () > -- Just "ba" or for Data.Set: > test2sr_do :: Set.Set String > test2sr_do = unSM $ test1s_do () > -- fromList ["ba"] It seems GHC 6.10 will support the do-notation even for the generalized monads.

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compilation succeeds -- execution fails
by Jason Dusek 31 Mar '08

31 Mar '08

I have a program here: https://svn.j-s-n.org/public/haskell/cedict currently at revision 302, which compiles okay but I can't get it to work. I'm using the FFI to take a (currently small) array and translate it into a Map. It compiles fine and loads fine -- but it doesn't run fine: GHCi, version 6.8.2: http://www.haskell.org/ghc/ :? for help Loading package base ... linking ... done. Prelude> import Data.Char.CEDICT Prelude Data.Char.CEDICT> traditional 'a' Loading package array-0.1.0.0 ... linking ... done. Loading package containers-0.1.0.1 ... linking ... done. Loading package parsec-2.1.0.0 ... linking ... done. Loading package utf8-string-0.2 ... linking ... done. Loading package cedict-0.1.1 ... linking ... <interactive>: unknown symbol `___stginit_cedictzm0zi1zi1_DataziCharziCEDICTziMatter_' ghc-6.8.2: unable to load package `cedict-0.1.1' Prelude Data.Char.CEDICT> I'm on a Mac -- Leopard. A whole bunch of things *could* be wrong -- I'd appreciate some help in narrowing the list. -- _jsn

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Re: [Haskell-cafe] Usage of Read Class
by Ariel J. Birnbaum 30 Mar '08

30 Mar '08

> > <interactive>:1:1: > > Ambiguous type variable `a' in the constraint: > > `Read a' arising from a use of `read' at <interactive>:1:1-4 > > Probable fix: add a type signature that fixes these type variable(s) > > What the error message says is, it doesn't know which type to read to. > read has the type Read a => String -> a, and unless you tell it what > 'a' is going to be, how would it know? If you say '(read.show) x :: > Color' it should work just fine. Just to sharpen the point: read cannot know from the string it processes which type to deliver. For example, try the following at the ghci prompt: read "3" -> Yields the same error as above read "3" + 3 -> 6 read "3" + 3.3 -> 6.3 read "3.3" + 3.3 -> 6.6 read "3.3" + 3 -> Error: no parse What's happening is that the type of the expression is determined by the literal on the _right_side_ of the + sign, and not by the contents of the string on the left side. The last example is a bit tricky. ghci sees 3 on the rhs, which can be of any type in the Num class (as opposed to 3.3, which has to be of a Fractional type). If unresolved, it will default to Integer (or Int?), and try to parse "3.3" as such -- which will of course fail. -- Ariel J. Birnbaum

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Usage of Read Class
by Simeon Mattes 30 Mar '08

30 Mar '08

Hello, I would like to ask something that results in when I have the following commands data Color = Red | Green | Blue | Indigo | Violet deriving (Enum,Show,Read) (read.show) x <interactive>:1:1: Ambiguous type variable `a' in the constraint: `Read a' arising from a use of `read' at <interactive>:1:1-4 Probable fix: add a type signature that fixes these type variable(s) I also receive the same message with the following: *Test > let x = Branch (Branch (Branch (Leaf 'a') (Leaf 'b')) (Leaf 'c') ) (Leaf 'd') *Test > x <<<'a'|'b'>|'c'>|'d'> *Test > (read.show) x <interactive>:1:1: Ambiguous type variable `a' in the constraint: `Read a' arising from a use of `read' at <interactive>:1:1-4 Probable fix: add a type signature that fixes these type variable(s) data Tree a = Leaf a | Branch (Tree a) (Tree a) --type ShowS = String -> String showsTree :: (Show a) => Tree a -> ShowS showsTree (Leaf x) = shows x showsTree (Branch l r) = ('<':).showsTree l . ('|':) . showsTree r . ('>':) --type ReadS a = String -> [(a,String)] readsTree :: (Read a) => ReadS (Tree a) readsTree s = [(Branch l r, x) | ("<",t) <- lex s, (l,u) <- readsTree t, ("|",v) <- lex u, (r,w) <- readsTree v, (">",x) <-lex w] ++ [(Leaf x, t) | (x,t) <- read s] instance Show a => Show (Tree a) where showsPrec _ x = showsTree x instance Read a => Read (Tree a) where readsPrec _ s = readsTree s Why is this happen? Maybe an example with a simple application of the Class Read would be helpful. Thanks -- View this message in context: http://www.nabble.com/Usage-of-Read-Class-tp16381441p16381441.html Sent from the Haskell - Haskell-Cafe mailing list archive at Nabble.com.

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Announce: Decimal arithmetic package
by Paul Johnson 30 Mar '08

30 Mar '08

I've just uploaded version 0.1.0 of a decimal arithmetic package to Hackage. Decimal numbers are stored as an Integral mantissa and a Word8 exponent, where the number stored is mantissa * 10^(-exponent). In other words the exponent is the number of decimal places stored. There are also routines for partitioning a value such that the sum of the parts is equal to the original value. This is useful in financial arithmetic. This came out of my ongoing work on an AMQP binding for Haskell. Version 0-10 of the AMQP spec includes decimal fractions defined in this way for financial applications, so I thought I'd make a proper job of it. A darcs repository will be set up shortly. Paul.

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announce: Glome.hs raytracer
by Jim Snow 30 Mar '08

30 Mar '08

I have recently posted a haskell port of my ocaml raytracer, Glome: http://syn.cs.pdx.edu/~jsnow/glome/ It supports spheres and triangles as base primitives, and is able to parse files in the NFF format used by the standard procedural database (http://tog.acm.org/resources/SPD/) It uses a bounding interval heirarchy acceleration structure, so it can render fairly complicated scenes in a reasonable amount of time. Shadows and reflections are supported, but not specular highlights or refraction. It's still slower than the ocaml version, but at least they're in the same ballpark (and a good part of that difference may be inefficiencies in my BIH traversal). I would welcome any advice on making it go faster or use less memory. I compile the program with "ghc Glome.hs --make -fasm -O2 -threaded -fglasgow-exts -funbox-strict-fields -fbang-patterns -fexcess-precision -optc-ffast-math -optc-O2 -optc-mfpmath=sse -optc-msse2". (I assume the -optc options don't do anything unless you compile via C.) Here are some of my current concerns: -Multi-core parallelism is working, but not as well as I'd expect: I get about a 25% reduction in runtime on two cores rather than 50%. I split the default screen size of 512x512 into 16 blocks, and run "parMap" on those blocks with a function that turns the screen coordinates of that block into a list of (x,y,r,g,b) tuples that get drawn as pixels to the screen through OpenGL by the original thread. -Memory consumption is atrocious: 146 megs to render a scene that's a 33k ascii file. Where does it all go? A heap profile reports the max heap size at a rather more reasonable 500k or so. (My architecture is 64 bit ubuntu on a dual-core amd.) -Collecting rendering stats is not easy without global variables. It occurs to me that it would be neat if there were some sort of write-only global variables that can be incremented by pure code but can only be read from within monadic code; that would be sufficient to ensure that the pure code wasn't affected by the values. The sorts of things I'm looking for are the number of calls to "trace" per image, the number of BIH branches traversed and ray/triangle and ray/sphere intersections per pixel. (Disclaimer: I don't really fully understand monads, so I may be oblivious to an obvious solution.) -Is there a fast way to cast between Float and Double? I'm using Float currently, and the only reason is because that's what the OpenGL api expects. I'd like to be able to use either representation, but the only way to cast that I've found so far is "float_conv x = fromRational(toRational x)", which is too slow. thanks, -jim

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announce: hgdbmi (GDB/MI interface)
by Evan Martin 30 Mar '08

30 Mar '08

Just in case someone else needed this, here you go: GDB/MI lets programs drive GDB. It can be used, for example, by GDB frontends. This module wraps attaching GDB to a process and parsing the (surprisingly complicated) GDB/MI output. http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hgdbmi

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ANNOUNCE: xmonad 0.7 released
by Don Stewart 29 Mar '08

29 Mar '08

http://xmonad.org The xmonad dev team is pleased to announce xmonad 0.7! The headlines: The 0.7 release of xmonad provides several improvements over 0.6, including improved integration with GNOME, more flexible "rules", various stability fixes, and of course, many new and interesting features in the extension library (general support for window decorations, utf8 support, scratch pad terminals, pointer control) and more! New GNOME support: Active, automated support for GNOME utilities. We know our users often like to use GNOME menus, tools and status bars, and we'd like to announce that xmonad actively supports GNOME! Extensions for communicating with and utilising gnome utilities come in the library suite, as well as extensive documentation and support. For more information see the GNOME/xmonad integration page on the wiki. A period of active development: In the past year, the xmonad development team received contributions from over 60 developers, making xmonad one of the largest window manager development teams around, and dwarfing other tiling window manager projects. Yet, at the same time, the core code base remains at around 1000 lines of code, with another 7000 lines in the extension library -- a significant achievment! Change logs: http://haskell.org/haskellwiki/Xmonad/Notable_changes_since_0.6 http://xmonad.org/changelog-0.7.txt http://xmonad.org/changelog-xmc-0.7.txt About: xmonad is a tiling window manager for X. Windows are arranged automatically to tile the screen without gaps or overlap, maximising screen use. Window manager features are accessible from the keyboard: a mouse is optional. xmonad is extensible in Haskell, allowing for powerful customisation. Custom layout algorithms, key bindings and other extensions may be written by the user in config files. Layouts are applied dynamically, and different layouts may be used on each workspace. Xinerama is fully supported, allowing windows to be tiled on several physical screens. Features: * Very stable, fast, small and simple. * Automatic window tiling and management * First class keyboard support: a mouse is unnecessary * Full support for tiling windows on multi-head displays * Full support for floating, tabbing and decorated windows * Full support for Gnome and KDE utilities * XRandR support to rotate, add or remove monitors * Per-workspace layout algorithms * Per-screens custom status bars * Compositing support * Powerful, stable customisation and reconfiguration * Large extension library * Excellent, extensive documentation * Large, active development team, support and community Get it! Information, screenshots, documentation, tutorials and community resources are available from the xmonad home page: http://xmonad.org The 0.7 release, and its dependencies, are available from hackage.haskell.org: http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/xmonad xmonad packages are available in the package systems of at least: Debian, Gentoo, Arch, Ubuntu, OpenBSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD, Gobo, NixOS, Source Mage, Slackware and 0.7 packages will appear in coming days (some are already available). On the fly updating to xmonad 0.7 is supported. You should be able to upgrade to xmonad 0.7 from 0.6 and earlier, transparently, without losing your session. Load the new code with mod-q and enjoy. Extensions: xmonad comes with a huge library of extensions (now more than 7 times the size of xmonad itself), contributed by viewers like you. Extensions enable pretty much arbitrary window manager behaviour to be implemented by users, in Haskell, in the config files. For more information on using and writing extensions see the webpage. The library of extensions is available from hackage: http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/xmonad-contrib Full documentation for using and writing your own extensions: http://xmonad.org/contrib.html This release brought to you by the xmonad dev team: Spencer Janssen Don Stewart Jason Creighton David Roundy Brent Yorgey Devin Mullins Braden Shepherdson Roman Cheplyaka Lucas Mai Featuring code contributions from over 60 developers: Aaron Denney Adam Vogt Alec Berryman Alex Tarkovsky Alexandre Buisse Andrea Rossato Austin Seipp Bas van Dijk Ben Voui Brandon Allbery Chris Mears Christian Thiemann Clemens Fruhwirth Daniel Neri Daniel Wagner Dave Harrison David Glasser David Lazar Dmitry Kurochkin Dominik Bruhn Dougal Stanton Eric Mertens Ferenc Wagner Gwern Branwen Hans Philipp Annen Ivan Tarasov Jamie Webb Jeremy Apthorp Joachim Breitner Joachim Fasting Joe Thornber Joel Suovaniemi Juraj Hercek Justin Bogner Kai Grossjohann Karsten Schoelzel Klaus Weidner Mathias Stearn Mats Jansborg Matsuyama Tomohiro Michael Fellinger Michael Sloan Miikka Koskinen Neil Mitchell Nelson Elhage Nick Burlett Nicolas Pouillard Nils Anders Danielsson Peter De Wachter Robert Marlow Sam Hughes Shachaf Ben-Kiki Shae Erisson Simon Peyton Jones Stefan O'Rear Tom Rauchenwald Valery V. Vorotyntsev Will Farrington Yaakov Nemoy timthelion As well as the support of many others on the #xmonad and #haskell IRC channels, and the wider Haskell and window manager communities. Thanks to everyone for their support!

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Haddock Help Required
by Dominic Steinitz 29 Mar '08

29 Mar '08

What should I be using for the file name for the read-interface option in haddock? Trying to use the file on www.haskell.org gives this: dom@lagrange:~/asn15/asn1> haddock -html -o hdoc Pretty.hs -B /usr/lib/ghc-6.8.2 --optghc="-fglasgow-exts" --read-interface=http://www.haskell.org/ghc/docs/latest/html/libraries/base,http://www.haskell.org/ghc/docs/latest/html/libraries/base/base.haddock haddock: internal Haddock or GHC error: http://www.haskell.org/ghc/docs/latest/html/libraries/base/base.haddock: openBinaryFile: does not exist (No such file or directory) But if I download the file and try and use it locally, I get this dom@lagrange:~/asn15/asn1> haddock -v -html -o hdoc Pretty.hs -B /usr/lib/ghc-6.8.2 --optghc="-fglasgow-exts" --read-interface=http://www.haskell.org/ghc/docs/latest/html/libraries/base,base.haddock Warning: Cannot read base.haddock: "Magic number mismatch: couldn't load interface file: base.haddock" Skipping this interface. Warning: main:Language.ASN1: could not find link destinations for: GHC.Enum.Enum GHC.Base.Eq GHC.Base.Ord GHC.Show.Show GHC.Num.Integer Language.ASN1.ComponentIndex Language.ASN1.Tagged GHC.Base.String Data.Maybe.Maybe Language.ASN1.Octet Data.Map.Map Warning: main:Pretty: could not find link destinations for: Text.PrettyPrint.HughesPJ.Doc Pretty.Pretty Pretty.PrettyVal Warning: main:ConstrainedType: could not find link destinations for: Data.Maybe.Maybe GHC.Base.Bool GHC.Num.Integer Pretty.Pretty Pretty.PrettyVal GHC.Base.String GHC.Base.Eq GHC.Show.Show GHC.Base.Int GHC.Word.Word8 GHC.Base.Ord Data.Monoid.Monoid Data.Binary.Strict.BitPut.BitPut GHC.Real.Integral Control.Monad.State.Class.MonadState Data.ByteString.Internal.ByteString Control.Monad.Error.Class.MonadError GHC.Base.Char Data.Binary.Strict.BitGet.BitGet Any help would be appreciated. Dominic.

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