Hello list, I am a student at the IT University of Copenhagen doing my final thesis on Domain Specific Languages implemented as embedded languages in Ruby. As you might know Ruby uses a somewhat lax form of typing compared to Haskell which is apparently highly utilized for creating embedded DSL's, at least in the academic world. Additionally many of the articles on embedded languages in Haskell use the typing features of Haskell as an argument for using Haskell in this setting. This lead me to the question: Are there any scientific empirical studies of the values of static / stronger type systems as found in Haskell, C# or Java in real world settings? Or any studies comparing weaker type systems in terms of programmer efficiency, defect ratio, etc. I have been unable to find any such studies as it supposedly is "common knowledge" that strong type systems are of great value. Additionally the people I have asked the question was not aware of any such studies, so now I'm trying this list. Please note that I am looking for papers or articles, preferably from the academic community, and not personal opinions (as valid as they may be). -- Thank you, - Jacob Atzen